1. The New New History of the Third Reich61
2. Hitlers Racial Ambivalence75
3. Victims or Collaborators?85
4. Diversity Under the Swastika93
5. The Shaping of the Ethnically Diverse Nazi Military Establishment109
6. Nazi POWs: Tuskegee Airmen Remember133
7. Afro-Germans, Africans, and Other Blacks in the German Armed Forces139
8. Allied Military Conduct and War Crimes155
9. Conclusion163
INTRODUCTION
D IVERSITY UNDER THE S WASTIKA :A N EW V IEW OF THE T HIRD R EICH
Really creative music is composed partly of inspiration and partly of a senseof composition. The inspiration is of a Slavonic origin, the art of compositionis of Germanic. It is when these two mingle in one man that the master ofgenius appears... As regards Beethoven...one glance at his head shows that hecomes from a different race. It is not pure chance that the British have neverproduced a composer of genius; it is because they are a pure Germanic race.
Adolf Hitler1
Triumph of diversity: the German armed forces of World War II.
While difficult to accept, this is an accurate description of whathappened in Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. Though the NS Germansinitiated their war with a racist doctrine in mind, one that sought tocreate a new order for Europe, with Germany at the center andGerman elites at the top of the European political and racial hierarchy(a German version of white mans burden), they neverthelessswapped this doctrine for one that promoted internationalism and tolerated multicultural and interethnic cooperation and intimate relations. Many NS Germans were deeply affected by the non-Germanswith whom they fought and worked. For example, Fritz Freitag endedup throwing Nazi doctrine to the wind, and instead focused onbuilding a Ukrainian liberation army.
We read in
National Socialism and Race by Dr. A. J. Gregor:
Dr. Walter Gross, head of the
Rassenpolitische Amt of theNational Socialist Party, said:
We appreciate the fact that those of another race are different from us... Whether that other race is betteror worseis not possible for us to judge. For this would demand that wetranscend our own racial limitations for the duration of theverdict and take on a superhuman, even divine, attitude fromwhich alone an impersonal verdict could be formed on thevalue or lack of such of the many living forms of an inexhaustible nature.
Less than a year later, in 1939, he defined the official positionof mature National Socialist race theory:
A serious situation arose through the fact that other peopleand States, because of German race laws...felt themselvesattacked and defamed.
...For example the whole world of the Far East remained fora long time under the impression that the Germans...had designated them as non-Aryan, and as non-Aryans inferiorrabble. That the Germans had designated them unworthy,second class humanity and that the Germans imagined themselves as the sole bearers of culture... What could we say tothose who saw in German racism a fundamental defamationof men of other races? We could do nothing other than, withpatience and conviction, repeat that German racism does notevaluate or deprecate other racial groups... It only recognizes, scientifically, that differences exist... We have oftenbeen disturbed by the indiscretion or even stupidity in ourown land when, just after we had carefully made clear tosome people or other that we respected and honored...theirracial qualities, some wild fool manufactured his own ideasabout race and declared that these same people were raciallyinferior and stood somewhere below the cow or the ass, andthat their characteristics were degrading or impure and lordknows what else! By such idiotic assertions they wererepelled and offended, not only alien peoples in distant partsof the world but even our own neighbors in Europe, manytimes even friends of National Socialist Germany bound to ushistorically and in destiny.
Finally, late in the war, even under the gathering shadows ofdefeat, the headquarters of the Reichsfhrer SS [Himmler]published the work of Dr. Ludwig Eckstein. He carefully dissected the remains of the Nordicism purchased over a decadebefore at so high a cost, and concluded:
While supporting our own race, and if necessary fightingagainst other races to protect its right to existence, we shouldnot overlook the fact that almost all races display somethingin themselves that is sound and biologically resolved andtherefore beautiful, natural and valuable... Each race carriesfirst of all the measure of worth in itself. When once weunderstand this then we do not foster feelings of inferiority inothers, a consequence that the hitherto existing race theorieshave too often achieved....2
In a telephone interview with German World War II survivorGunter Anstaett (who passed away in 2011), I was informed for thefirst time that foreigners who were working under forced labor contracts in Germany were essentially as free as Germans themselves.The forced labor characterization, according to Gunter, was misleading. Foreigners were paid for their work and allowed to bringtheir families to live in Germany with them. Gunters testimony iscorroborated by others I have spoken with as well as various books.These people enjoyed leisure activities while ethnic Germans wereslaughtered by the tens of thousands on the Eastern Front. Theory andreality in the Third Reich differed in fundamental ways, so unless wespeak directly with those who lived in Europe at the time, we willnever know all of what happened between Germans and non-Germansin their day-to-day lives. This study answers this unknown as best aspossible.
We begin with terminology. When I use the NS terms Mischlinge(part-Jews), Volljude (full Jews), and Halbjude (half-Jews) my intentis not racist. I use these terms because they were used by the NSGermans, so please do not mistake NS terminology as mine.Secondly, I use the term