Adrian Goldsworthy - Hadrian’s Wall
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Copyright 2018 by Adrian Goldsworthy
Hachette Book Group supports the right to free expression and the value of copyright. The purpose of copyright is to encourage writers and artists to produce the creative works that enrich our culture.
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Basic Books
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First Edition: April 2018
Published by Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, Inc. The Basic Books name and logo is a trademark of the Hachette Book Group.
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2017963177
ISBNs: 978-1-5416-4442-7 (hardcover), 978-1-5416-4445-8 (ebook)
E3-20180309-JV-PC
Adrian Goldsworthy has done it again! He has taken a well-known topic in Roman history and breathed new life into it. Goldsworthy has given us an easily-accessible study that takes the best and most up-to-date scholarship on the subject and has put it into an eminently readable narrative for the general public. If you can only own one book on Hadrians Wall, this is it.
Col. Rose Mary Sheldon, Virginia Military Institute
| 55 BC | Julius Caesar raids south-eastern Britain |
| 54 BC | Julius Caesar launches a larger expedition to south-eastern Britain but leaves before the end of the year |
| 27 BCAD 14 | Augustus becomes Romes first emperor. Although the poets write excitedly about the conquest of Britain, he does not attempt this. |
| 4154 | Reign of Emperor Claudius |
| 43 | The Emperor Claudius sends a large army to invade Britain. Over the next few years, the south-east is overrun and occupied by Rome. Many communities and leaders welcome the Romans and ally with them, while others fight but are overcome. |
| 5468 | Reign of Emperor Nero |
| 6061 | Rebellion led by Queen Boudica causes widespread destruction in the south. She is defeated and the revolt crushed with considerable savagery. There is never again a rebellion against Roman rule in southern Britain. |
| c. 7273 | The Romans build a fort at Carlisle. This is part of a wider occupation of what will become northern England. |
| 7884 | Governorship of Julius Agricola and a period of aggressive campaigning in what will become Scotland. This culminates in a victory at the battle of Mons Graupius (location unknown). Bases are built in the coastal plain of south-eastern Scotland north of the River Forth, including the legionary fortress at Inchtuthil. |
| c. 8687 | Bases north of the Forth are abandoned by the Roman army as the garrison of Britain is reduced from four to three legions. |
| 98117 | Reign of Emperor Trajan. The major military operations of this period are on the Danube and later in the east. Little is known about Britain in these years, and the garrison was probably reduced to two legions. There are hints of some outbreaks of warfare in northern Britain. |
| c. 106 | The Roman army abandons most of its remaining bases in southern Scotland. A line of forts is occupied along the line of the Stanegate Road, just south of where Hadrians Wall will be built. It is not clear when the road itself was built. |
| 117138 | Reign of Emperor Hadrian. He abandons Trajans conquests in the east and oversees a period of stability and consolidation on the frontiers. Much of his reign is spent touring the provinces. Trouble in northern Britain is attested at the start of his reign, and at least one other conflict probably occurred there during his reign. |
| 122 | Hadrian visits Britain. Legio VI Victrix is added to the provincial garrison. At some point before or during his stay, Hadrian orders the construction of Hadrians Wall. |
| 138161 | Reign of Antoninus Pius. Unlike Hadrian, Antoninus Pius spends his entire reign in Italy. Early on in his reign, there may well have been a major war in northern Britain. The decision is made to decommission Hadrians Wall, and the army constructs the Antonine Wall on the Forth-Clyde line. |
| 158 | Building work attested on Hadrians Wall. Around this time the Antonine Wall is abandonedeither late in the reign of Antoninus Pius or early in the reign of his successor, Marcus Aurelius. Hadrians Wall once again becomes the main component of the frontier. |
| 161180 | Reign of Marcus Aurelius. During his reign, the empire is subject to successive outbreaks of plague that result in a heavy death toll. There is also a spate of serious warfare on the Danubian frontier. Trouble in northern Britain is likely early in his reign and perhaps later on. |
| 180192 | Reign of Commodus. Trouble in northern Britain, resulting in at least one serious Roman defeat and the death of a legate before the situation is restored. |
| 184 | Coins issued commemorating a victory in Britain. |
| 197211 | Reign of Septimius Severus. Victor in a prolonged civil war, Severus spends much of his reign consolidating his hold on power. There was a major attack on the province of Britain from tribes to the north at some point early in his reign. |
| 208211 | Septimius Severus leads a major expedition to Britain and campaigns against the Caledonians. He dies at York. |
| Third Century | Almost nothing is known about events in northern Britain for the remainder of the century. |
| 293305 | Constantius, the Caesar (or junior emperor) in the west, campaigns in Britain on more than one occasion, dying at York. |
| 306337 | Reign of the Emperor Constantine, who in a succession of civil wars gains control of the entire empire. He converts to Christianity, ending centuries of sporadic persecution of the religion. |
| 314 | Constantine takes the title Britannicus Maximus, which may hint at a successful war in Britain. |
| 360 | Picts and Scots raid northern Britain. |
| 367 | Picts, Scots, and a group called the Attacotti, about whom little is known, launch major raids on the province of Britain. A significant proportion of Romes scouts and spies collaborates with them. One Roman commander is killed in a heavy defeat, but eventually Roman dominance is restored. |
| 382 | Magnus Maximus campaigns against Picts and Scots after a renewed burst of raiding. His victory encourages him to declare himself emperor, and he is defeated and killed in Italy six years later. |
| 410 | Traditional date for end of Roman rule in Britain. The reality is less neat, but from around 407, no new coinage arrives in Britain, suggesting an end to the formal administration and payment of officials and soldiers. Without this infrastructure, Britain effectively ceases to be a province. |
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