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Tantor Media. - Hadrians Wall

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Stretching eighty miles from coast to coast across northern England, Hadrians Wall is the largest Roman artifact known today. It is commonly viewed as a defiant barrier, the end of the empire, a place where civilization stopped and barbarism began. In fact, the massive structure remains shrouded in mystery. Was the wall intended to keep out the Picts, who inhabited the North Or was it merely a symbol of Roman power and wealth What was life like for soldiers stationed along its expanse How was the extraordinary structure built-with what technology, skills, and materials In Hadrians Wall, Adrian Goldsworthy embarks on a historical and archeological investigation, sifting fact from legend while simultaneously situating the wall in the wider scene of Roman Britain. The result is a concise and enthralling history of a great architectural marvel of the ancient world.

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Copyright 2018 by Adrian Goldsworthy Hachette Book Group supports the right to - photo 1

Copyright 2018 by Adrian Goldsworthy

Hachette Book Group supports the right to free expression and the value of copyright. The purpose of copyright is to encourage writers and artists to produce the creative works that enrich our culture.

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Basic Books

Hachette Book Group

1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10104

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First Edition: April 2018

Published by Basic Books, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, Inc. The Basic Books name and logo is a trademark of the Hachette Book Group.

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The publisher is not responsible for websites (or their content) that are not owned by the publisher.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017963177

ISBNs: 978-1-5416-4442-7 (hardcover), 978-1-5416-4445-8 (ebook)

E3-20181103-JV-PC-AMZ

Adrian Goldsworthy has done it again! He has taken a well-known topic in Roman history and breathed new life into it. Goldsworthy has given us an easily-accessible study that takes the best and most up-to-date scholarship on the subject and has put it into an eminently readable narrative for the general public. If you can only own one book on Hadrians Wall, this is it.

Col. Rose Mary Sheldon, Virginia Military Institute

55 BCJulius Caesar raids south-eastern Britain
54 BCJulius Caesar launches a larger expedition to south-eastern Britain but leaves before the end of the year
27 BCAD 14Augustus becomes Romes first emperor. Although the poets write excitedly about the conquest of Britain, he does not attempt this.
4154Reign of Emperor Claudius
43The Emperor Claudius sends a large army to invade Britain. Over the next few years, the south-east is overrun and occupied by Rome. Many communities and leaders welcome the Romans and ally with them, while others fight but are overcome.
5468Reign of Emperor Nero
6061Rebellion led by Queen Boudica causes widespread destruction in the south. She is defeated and the revolt crushed with considerable savagery. There is never again a rebellion against Roman rule in southern Britain.
c. 7273The Romans build a fort at Carlisle. This is part of a wider occupation of what will become northern England.
7884Governorship of Julius Agricola and a period of aggressive campaigning in what will become Scotland. This culminates in a victory at the battle of Mons Graupius (location unknown). Bases are built in the coastal plain of south-eastern Scotland north of the River Forth, including the legionary fortress at Inchtuthil.
c. 8687Bases north of the Forth are abandoned by the Roman army as the garrison of Britain is reduced from four to three legions.
98117Reign of Emperor Trajan. The major military operations of this period are on the Danube and later in the east. Little is known about Britain in these years, and the garrison was probably reduced to two legions. There are hints of some outbreaks of warfare in northern Britain.
c. 106The Roman army abandons most of its remaining bases in southern Scotland. A line of forts is occupied along the line of the Stanegate Road, just south of where Hadrians Wall will be built. It is not clear when the road itself was built.
117138Reign of Emperor Hadrian. He abandons Trajans conquests in the east and oversees a period of stability and consolidation on the frontiers. Much of his reign is spent touring the provinces. Trouble in northern Britain is attested at the start of his reign, and at least one other conflict probably occurred there during his reign.
122Hadrian visits Britain. Legio VI Victrix is added to the provincial garrison. At some point before or during his stay, Hadrian orders the construction of Hadrians Wall.
138161Reign of Antoninus Pius. Unlike Hadrian, Antoninus Pius spends his entire reign in Italy. Early on in his reign, there may well have been a major war in northern Britain. The decision is made to decommission Hadrians Wall, and the army constructs the Antonine Wall on the Forth-Clyde line.
158Building work attested on Hadrians Wall. Around this time the Antonine Wall is abandonedeither late in the reign of Antoninus Pius or early in the reign of his successor, Marcus Aurelius. Hadrians Wall once again becomes the main component of the frontier.
161180Reign of Marcus Aurelius. During his reign, the empire is subject to successive outbreaks of plague that result in a heavy death toll. There is also a spate of serious warfare on the Danubian frontier. Trouble in northern Britain is likely early in his reign and perhaps later on.
180192Reign of Commodus. Trouble in northern Britain, resulting in at least one serious Roman defeat and the death of a legate before the situation is restored.
184Coins issued commemorating a victory in Britain.
197211Reign of Septimius Severus. Victor in a prolonged civil war, Severus spends much of his reign consolidating his hold on power. There was a major attack on the province of Britain from tribes to the north at some point early in his reign.
208211Septimius Severus leads a major expedition to Britain and campaigns against the Caledonians. He dies at York.
Third CenturyAlmost nothing is known about events in northern Britain for the remainder of the century.
293305Constantius, the Caesar (or junior emperor) in the west, campaigns in Britain on more than one occasion, dying at York.
306337Reign of the Emperor Constantine, who in a succession of civil wars gains control of the entire empire. He converts to Christianity, ending centuries of sporadic persecution of the religion.
314Constantine takes the title Britannicus Maximus, which may hint at a successful war in Britain.
360Picts and Scots raid northern Britain.
367Picts, Scots, and a group called the Attacotti, about whom little is known, launch major raids on the province of Britain. A significant proportion of Romes scouts and spies collaborates with them. One Roman commander is killed in a heavy defeat, but eventually Roman dominance is restored.
382Magnus Maximus campaigns against Picts and Scots after a renewed burst of raiding. His victory encourages him to declare himself emperor, and he is defeated and killed in Italy six years later.
410Traditional date for end of Roman rule in Britain. The reality is less neat, but from around 407, no new coinage arrives in Britain, suggesting an end to the formal administration and payment of officials and soldiers. Without this infrastructure, Britain effectively ceases to be a province.
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