John E. Morris - Welsh Wars Of Edward I (Medieval Military Library)
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Welsh Wars Of Edward I (Medieval Military Library)
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The author of this classic work took a campaign approach to Edward Is methodical reduction of Welsh independence, achieved through many years of building strategic castles, conducting scorched earth sweeps, and establishing loyal local nobles.
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The Welsh Wars of Edward I : A Contribution to Medieval Military History Based On Original Documents
author
:
Morris, John Edward.
publisher
:
Combined Publishing
isbn10 | asin
:
0938289683
print isbn13
:
9780938289685
ebook isbn13
:
9780585193977
language
:
English
subject
Wales--History--1063-1536, Edward--I,--King of England,--1239-1307, Great Britain--History--Edward I, 1272-1307, Great Britain--History, Military--1066-1485.
publication date
:
1996
lcc
:
DA715.M67 1996eb
ddc
:
942.9
subject
:
Wales--History--1063-1536, Edward--I,--King of England,--1239-1307, Great Britain--History--Edward I, 1272-1307, Great Britain--History, Military--1066-1485.
Page i
The Welsh Wars of Edward I
Page ii
Images not available
Page iii
The Welsh Wars of Edward I
A Contribution to Medieval Military History Based on Original Documents
John E. Morris
Page iv
Disclaimer: Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the netLibrary eBook.
Originally published by Oxford at the Clarendon Press in 1901.
Combined Books edition, 1996.
All rights reserved.
For information, address: Combined Books, Inc. 151 East 10th Avenue Conshohocken, PA 19428
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Morris, John Edward, 18591933. The Welsh wars of Edward I/John E. Morris. p. cm. Includes index. Previously published: New York, Haskell House Publishers. 1969. ISBN 0-938289-67-5. -- ISBN 0-938289-68-3 1. Wales--History--10631536. 2. Edward I, King of England. 12391307. 3. Great Britain--History--Edward I, 12721307. 4. Great Britain--History, Military--10661485. I. Title. DA715.M67 1996 96-7110 942.9--dc20 CIP
Printed in the United States of America.
Page v
Preface
If it be true that the English learnt on the battlefields of Scotland the experience which was destined to make them the victors at Crecy and Poitiers, it is equally true that the preliminary experience had been learnt in Wales. It was precisely because I wanted to trace back the evolution of the typically English combination of knights with archers beyond the battle of Falkirk, which is usually considered to have been the first great victory of the longbow, that I began to study the documents of the Welsh wars. The period, rather more than eighteen years, is of peculiar interest. The rolls are tolerably exhaustive; we have minute details concerning the men in the king's pay in most of his armies, besides evidence which enables us to conjecture the strength of others. Feudal and paid troops are found fighting side by side. We can form a good picture of Edward as he steadily fought Llewelyn and David for fifteen months without pause, grimly determined to succeed, though he had to keep the field through the winter and to bring up mercenaries from Gascony after a serious defeat. We see him able to devote his whole attention to the task, for there was no agitation of earls and barons hampering him in his military needs by insisting that he should confirm the charters, whereas the first and foremost of the reasons of his failure in Scotland, in spite of the victory at Falkirk, was the baronial agitation in England. We have an insight into the various subsidiary tasks of
a 3
Page vi
the war, details of the woodmen who cut the paths through which the soldiers marched, of the expenses of castle-building, and so forth. But especially important is the knowledge, which documents alone can give, of the earliest efforts in four wars of that infantry, a raw and untried infantry, which, under Edward's organization, learnt the art of war so that their grandsons under his grandson were able to startle Europe by their good shooting on the terraces of Crecy. It is clear that the earliest foot, partly spearmen, partly bow-armed, were drawn alike from the Welsh 'friendlies' of marcher lordships and from the border counties between Lancashire and Gloucestershire, while the men of nearly all the other English counties had yet to be trained in the Scottish wars. Edward's employment of his late enemies in Wales to fight for him in Flanders and Scotland is suggestive.
The documents are chiefly the pay-rolls among the Exchequer Accounts preserved in the Record Office. Very often the pipe rolls give us facts which are not to be found elsewhere, and the patent and close rolls are helpful; it is more than likely that I have missed some material among the mass of writs, for the great length of these rolls is bewildering when there is no printed calendar at hand. The marshal's rolls for 1277 and 1282 are printed in the Parliamentary Writs. The most useful of the chroniclers I have found to be Hemingburgh and Trivet (English Historical Society), and Wykes of Osney (Annales Monastici in the Rolls Series), while Mr. Martin's Preface to the Letters of Archbishop Peckham (Rolls Series) has led me to work out several points.
Although my chief object has been to depict an English army in the field at the most critical point in
Page vii
mediaeval military history, namely at the very beginning of a systematic organization of infantry, I have thought it best to treat the story of the Welsh struggles consecutively, sketching roughly the course of the Anglo-Norman aggressions, the creation of the marcher lordships, the Welsh reaction in the days of civil war in England, and Edward's reasons, indeed his justification, in attacking Llewelyn. It is clear that there was no bond of union between the Welsh of the north and the centre and south, and independence was represented by the princely house of Gwynedd alone. The strength of the one strong section of the Welsh race was the mountain fortress of the range of Snowdon, where guerilla tactics were possible. The two centuries of the successful resistance of Gwynedd up to Edward's reign are quite intelligible, and we have an object-lesson in Wales of the geographical problem in military undertakings. It is easy to sneer at the powerful tyrant who crushes a brave little race struggling for liberty, but military students must admit that resources and good organization alone can prevail where geography helps the numerically weak defenders. The larger and stronger race often has to incur the accusation of tyranny, even if provocation is undoubted and the need of union is great.
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