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Andrew Lawler - The Secret Token: Myth, Obsession, and the Search for the Lost Colony of Roanoke

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A sweeping account of Americas oldest unsolved mystery, the people racing to unearth its answer, and the sobering truths--about race, gender, and immigration--exposed by the Lost Colony of Roanoke

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ALSO BY ANDREW LAWLER Why Did the Chicken Cross the World The Epic Saga of - photo 1
ALSO BY ANDREW LAWLER

Why Did the Chicken Cross the World?: The Epic Saga of the Bird That Powers Civilization

Copyright 2018 by Andrew Lawler All rights reserved Published in the United - photo 2

Copyright 2018 by Andrew Lawler

All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Doubleday, a division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York, and distributed in Canada by Random House of Canada, a division of Penguin Random House Canada Limited, Toronto.

www.doubleday.com

DOUBLEDAY and the portrayal of an anchor with a dolphin are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC.

Maps in text designed by Jeffrey L. Ward

Cover design by Nicholas Alguire

Cover images: (top) Rebecca Wynn/USFWS; (bottom): Americae pars, nunc Virginia, 1590 by Theodore de Bry, courtesy of The Mariners Museum and Park

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Lawler, Andrew, author.

Title: The secret token : myth, obsession, and the search for the lost colony of Roanoke / by Andrew Lawler.

Description: First edition. | New York : Doubleday, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017045395 | ISBN 9780385542012 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780385542029 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Roanoke Colony. | Roanoke Island (N.C.)History16th century.

Classification: LCC F229 L39 2018 | DDC 975.6/175dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017045395

Ebook ISBN9780385542029

Map: This de Bry engraving of Virginia, published in 1590, likely was based on detailed cartographic data gleaned by Harriots travels in the region in 1585 and 1586.

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Contents
Cast of Characters PART ONE THE PLANTING JOHN WHITE London artist and - photo 3
Cast of Characters
PART ONE: THE PLANTING
  • JOHN WHITE: London artist and Lost Colony governor

  • SIR WALTER RALEIGH: Brash English knight in the court of Queen Elizabeth I, who sponsored the Roanoke effort

  • RICHARD HAKLUYT THE ELDER: London lawyer, map collector, and Raleigh mentor

  • RICHARD HAKLUYT THE YOUNGER: Priest, spy, and colonization visionary

  • SIR FRANCIS WALSINGHAM: Elizabeth Is secretary of state, renowned spymaster, and Roanoke investor

  • THOMAS HARRIOT: Oxford-trained scientist, explorer, and the first Englishman fluent in Carolina Algonquian

  • SIMO FERNANDES: Portuguese-born pirate, experienced navigator, and Roanoke pilot

  • RALPH LANE: Military commander appointed by Elizabeth I to govern the first Roanoke colony

  • JOACHIM GANS: Jewish metallurgist, member of first Roanoke colony and first documented Jew in North America

  • MANTEO: Croatoan Indian and key English ally

  • WANCHESE: Secotan Indian who opposed English rule

  • SIR RICHARD GRENVILLE: Feudal lord, admiral, and cousin to Raleigh

  • GRANGANIMEO: Brother of King Wingina and Secotan elder who lived with his wife on Roanoke Island

  • KING WINGINA: Secotan leader who controlled coastal mainland of North Carolina

  • SIR FRANCIS DRAKE: English privateer who brought Africans to the Carolina coast and rescued the first colony

PART TWO: THE SEARCH
  • JOHN SMITH: Jamestown captain who gathered Lost Colony intelligence

  • POWHATAN: Virginia Algonquian leader at Jamestowns founding, accused of massacring Lost Colonists

  • DAVID BEERS QUINN: Twentieth-century Irish historian and dean of Roanoke researchers

  • IVOR NOL HUME: London-born archaeologist and colonial America specialist who excavated Fort Raleigh in the 1990s

  • PHIL EVANS: Founder of First Colony Foundation

  • NICK LUCCKETTI: First Colony Foundation archaeologist

  • BRENT LANE: University of North Carolina heritage economist

  • FRED WILLARD: Former race car driver, wrestling coach, and maverick Lost Colony seeker

  • DAVID PHELPS: East Carolina University archaeologist who first excavated Hatterass Cape Creek site

  • SCOTT DAWSON: Hatteras native who co-founded the Croatoan Archaeological Society with his wife, Maggie

  • MARK HORTON: Croatoan Archaeological Society archaeologist from the University of Bristol

  • LOUIS HAMMOND: Purported California retiree and finder of the Dare Stone in the 1930s

  • HAYWOOD PEARCE: Emory University and Brenau College historian who led the analysis of the Dare Stone

  • ED SCHRADER: Current Brenau president, geologist, and keeper of the Dare Stone

PART THREE: THE REVELATION
  • VIRGINIA DARE: Daughter of Eleanor and Ananias Dare and first English child born in the New World

  • GEORGE BANCROFT: Harvard professor and father of American history who gave Roanoke a romantic twist in the 1830s

  • ELIZA LANESFORD CUSHING: Boston-born author and later a Canadian who coined the term Lost Colony in the 1830s

  • MARIA LOUISA LANDER: Salem-born sculptor in Rome who created the Virginia Dare National Statue in the 1850s

  • SALLIE SOUTHALL COTTEN: Doeskin-wearing North Carolina author of a popular 1901 Roanoke poem

  • REVEREND DONALD LOWERY: Present-day Episcopal priest and Lumbee Indian who helped make Virginia Dare and Manteo saints

  • ROBERTA ESTES: Midwestern computer scientist attempting to trace the Lost Colonists using genealogy and DNA

  • MARILYN BERRY MORRISON: Current chief of the Roanoke-Hatteras tribe who claims descent from the Lost Colonists and Native and African Americans

Prelude

On August 15, 1590, two English ships, the Moonlight and the Hopewell, dropped anchor off the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Beyond the slender strip of sand and dense forest, a hazy sun descended over the Pamlico Sound, its calm waters seeming to stretch as far to the west as the Atlantic did to the east. Gripping the rail of the Hopewell, as the ship rose and fell on the gentle ocean swells, Governor John White watched with growing elation as a great plume of smoke climbed into the sticky air of the late afternoon sky.

The source of the fire was Roanoke Island, which lay a dozen miles to the northwest in the shallow sound. The signal put us in good hope that some of the colony were there expecting my return out of England, he recalled later. White had left more than one hundred settlers there, including his only child and her newly born daughter, before embarking on a six-month mission to gather supplies and new colonists. Those six months had become three nightmarish years, comprising a series of mishaps that would have tested Job.

Until spotting the smoke, the middle-aged Londoner had had no way of knowing what had become of his settlers who made up the first English colony in the New World, which Walter Raleigh, an influential knight in Queen Elizabeth Is court, had appointed him to lead. They might have died from disease or starvation or fallen victim to Spanish or Native American enemies. They could have moved to another location or, in desperation, tried to sail back to England in their small boats, only to drown. The rising column seemed a sure sign that the colonists had spotted his ship. He anticipated a happy homecoming.

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