Joanna Lillis is a Kazakhstan - based journalist reporting on Central Asia whose work has featured in outlets including The Economist , the Guardian and the Independent , the Eurasianet website, and Foreign Policy and POLITICO magazines. Prior to settling in Kazakhstan in 2005, she lived in Russia and Uzbekistan between 1995 and 2005, and worked for BBC Monitoring, the BBC World Services global media tracking service. While completing a BA in Modern Languages at the University of Leeds, she studied Russian in the Soviet republics of Belorussia and Ukraine before the collapse of the USSR, and she has an MA in Translation and Interpreting from the University of Bradford.
This is the essential book about an increasingly important, but highly secretive, country. With a keen eye and sharp analysis, Joanna Lillis goes beyond the post - Soviet clichs to explore the depths of Kazakhstans politics, history and money.
The right of Joanna Lillis to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Every attempt has been made to gain permission for the use of the images in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in future editions.
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Who has not encountered misfortune? To lose hope is spineless. Truly, nothing in the world is immutable. How can you say that misfortune lasts forever? Is not a harsh winter with thick snow followed by a good summer with thick grass and bountiful lakes?
Kazakhstan historical timeline
1465 Kazakh Khanate founded
1584 Cossacks build military settlement at site that is now Uralsk/Oral
1613 Official foundation of Yaitskiy Gorodok (Uralsk/Oral) marks Russian expansion into present - day Republic of Kazakhstan
1718 Foundation of Semipalatinsk (Semey)
1720 Foundation of Ust - Kamenogorsk (Oskemen)
1720s Dzungar raids lead to aktaban shubyryndy (barefooted flight), an exodus of Kazakhs, which motivates tribes to seek alliances with Russia
1731 Kishi Zhuz khan swears oath of allegiance to Russia
1740 Orta Zhuz khan swears oath of allegiance to Russia
1742 Uly Zhuz khan swears oath of allegiance to Russia
1773 Pugachev Rebellion starts in Yaitsk (Uralsk/Oral)
1820s Russians abolish khan rule over Kishi Zhuz and Orta Zhuz and assume direct control
1841 Kazakh Khanate revived under Kenesary Khan, during uprising against Russian rule
1847 Death in battle of Kenesary Khan marks end of Kazakh Khanate
1854 Foundation of Fort Vernyy (Almaty)
1864 Conquest of Chimkent (Shymkent) and Turkestan (Turkistan) seals Russian control over territory that is now Republic of Kazakhstan; remaining Kazakh tribes are then subsumed into Russian Empire
1916 World War I anti - conscription uprising in Central Asia
1917 Russian Revolution
191720 Civil war in parts of Kazakhstan; Alash Orda movement set up in abortive bid to win Kazakh autonomy; bid for Central Asian self - determination by Turkestan (Kokand) Autonomy crushed
1920 Kirgiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic formed in Kazakhstan
1925 Republic renamed Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1927 Collectivisation of agriculture begins
193033 Asharshylyk (famine) in Kazakhstan
1930 Turksib railway completed, linking Central Asia to Russia via Kazakhstan
1931 Karlag prison camp opens as Gulag system rolled out in Kazakhstan
1936 Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic formed
193738 Height of Stalins Terror, which decimates Kazakh intelligentsia
1940 President Nursultan Nazarbayev born in Shamalgan
1940s Deportations to Kazakhstan of peoples from other parts of USSR
1949 Soviet Union conducts first successful nuclear weapons test at Semipalatinsk
1950s Virgin Lands agricultural programme begins in northern Kazakhstan
1959 Karlag prison camp closed down
1960 Dinmukhamed Kunayev appointed first secretary of Communist Party of Kazakhstans Central Committee
1960s Aral Sea starts shrinking owing to diversion of waters for agricultural use
1984 Nazarbayev appointed chairman of Kazakhstans Council of Ministers
1986 Zheltoksan (December) protests following Kunayevs dismissal
1989 Nazarbayev appointed first secretary of Communist Party of Kazakhstans Central Committee
Last nuclear explosion at Semipalatinsk test ground; moratorium takes effect
1990 Nazarbayev becomes Kazakh president through rubber - stamp vote in Kazakhstans Supreme Soviet (parliament)
1991 Kazakhstan gains independence after USSRs collapse
Semipalatinsk nuclear test ground closed down
Attempt to mark Cossack celebration in Uralsk increases separatist tensions
1994 Parliament votes to move capital from Almaty to Akmola
1995 Nazarbayev dissolves parliament to rule by decree
Nazarbayevs term of office extended until 2000 through referendum
1997 Capital moves from Almaty to Akmola
1998 Akmola renamed Astana and officially unveiled as capital
Constitution amended, extending presidential term and removing upper age limit
1999 Nazarbayev re - elected with 81 per cent of vote
Nazarbayevs Nur Otan party wins majority in parliamentary election; four other parties and movements win seats
Russian separatist plot foiled in Ust - Kamenogorsk
2000 Respublika newspaper founded
2001 Kazakhgate oil contracts for kickbacks corruption scandal breaks
Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan (DVK) reform movement founded
2002 DVK co - founders Mukhtar Ablyazov and Galymzhan Zhakiyanov jailed on corruption charges
Respublika newspaper targeted with decapitated dog and firebombed
2003 Ablyazov pardoned and released from prison
Journalist Sergey Duvanov jailed on charges of raping a minor
Middleman James Giffen arrested in USA in Kazakhgate investigation
2004 Nazarbayevs Nur Otan party wins majority in parliamentary elections; three other pro - government parties enter parliament; opposition wins single seat
Ablyazovs business partner Yerzhan Tatishev killed on hunting trip; death ruled an accident
2005 Court orders disbandment of DVK