Dorling Kindersley - History of Britain and Ireland: The Definitive Visual Guide

THE DE FINITIV E V IS UAL GUIDE

This edition published in 2019 First published in Gre at Britain in 2011 by Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL Copyright 2011, 2014, 2019 Dorling Kindersley Limited A Pe nguin Random House Compan y 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001312863Ma y /2019 All rights re served. No part of this publication ma y be re prod uced, store d in a re trieval syst em, or transmitt ed in any f orm or by any means, electro nic, mechanical, photo copying, re cord ing or otherwise , without the prior writt en permission of the c opyright o wner . A CIP catalogue r ec or d f or this book is a v ailable fr om the British Libr ary . ISBN 978-0-2413-6440-6 Print ed in China A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk .com Senior Art Editor Edward Kin sey Project Art Editor Amit Malhot ra Art Editors Kaberi Hazarika, M ansi Nagdev , Zaurin Thoiding jam, Shr ey a Anand Virmani Assistant Art Editor Mini Dhawan Cartographer s Ed Merritt , Simon Mumfor d Managing Art E ditor Owen Pe yton Jones, Ashita Murgai Consu ltant Art Dire ctor Shefali Upadhyay Art Dire ctor Philip Ormero d Senior Editor Pip Morgan Project Editors Nic ola Hodgson, P eter Pr eston, Alka Ranjan Editors Brishti Bandyopadhya, Shatarupa Chaudhuri, Sudeshna Dasgupta, Dharini, Rahul Ganguly , Bincy Math ew, Karis hma W alia Picture R esearc her Karen Van Ross, Sakshi Saluja Managing Edito r Julie Ferris, Rohan Sinha Production Ma nager Pankaj Shar ma DTP Designers Neeraj Bhatia, Arjinder Singh, Jagtar Singh, Associate Publisher Liz Wh eeler Referen ce Publisher Jonathan Metcalf C ONTRIBUT ORS R.G. Grant, Ann Kay , Michael K err igan, Philip Pa rker EDITO RIAL C ONS UL TA NTS Sir Barry Cunlie, Eric Evans, K enn eth Morgan, Miri Rubin DORLING K INDERSLEY 2011 ED ITION BRITO NS AND INV ADERS UP T O 1066 Introduct ion Timeline Britain s First Peop le Arriv al of rst human-lik e species in Britain and colonizatio n by modern humans aro und 15,000 years ag o. Stone Age Br itain Settlers build stone monuments and agriculture develops. STONEH ENGE Iron Ag e Britain War rior elites in hill-f orts dominat e Britain, maintaining stro ng links with Euro pe and pr oducing art of gr eat beauty . Caesars Inv asion Julius Caesar establishes tre aty re lations with British tribes, dra wing Britain into the orbit of Roman political ambitions. Conquest and R esistanc e The Romans, under Empero r Claudius, conquer m uch of Britain, despite bitter r esi stance in W al es and the north of England. HADRIANS WAL L A Distant Pro vinc e Much of Ro man Britain pro spers as towns grow an d road s encour age tr ade and communication. Outside the Empire By the 5th c entury , c ommunities in Ir eland and re mote parts of Sc otland l ay the foundations of independent kingdoms. Life in Roman Britain Rome pr ofou ndly aects British lif e with its military org anization, urban lifestyle , new reli gious beliefs, and nove l foods. End of Empire In 410 , Roman rule ove r Britain co mes to an end, leaving Britain exposed and at the mercy of Germanic barbarians. THE SUTT ON H OO SHIP BUR IAL Holy Ire land Rapid gro wth in Ire lands Christian Chur ch in the 5th c entury , as abbots of the main monasteries beco me powerful and send missionaries abro ad. Anglo-Saxo n Rulers Between the 5th and 8th c enturies, Anglo-Sax on inva ders establish the powerful kingdoms of Mer cia, Northumbria, and W essex. FRANKS CASKET Christian England Missionaries sent by P op e Gre gory I c onvert Anglo-Sax ons to Ch ristianity , transf orming England into a vibra nt and thriving Christian culture , lar gely based in monasteries. Viking Raiders and Settler s Anglo-Saxo n kingdoms succumb t o V iking raiders, armies, and settlers, leaving Wes sex to stand alone, weak and beleaguer ed. BOOK OF KELLS ALFRED TH E GREA T Wes sex T a kes the Lead In the 10th ce ntury , severa l able kings of Wess ex pro gres sively c onquer Vi king-held area s of England, uniting the co untry as far north as the bor der with Sco tland, and becoming kings of the English. Ir eland in the Viking Ag e From their port- enclaves in Ire land, the Vikings, without c onquering the c ountry , play a major r ole in shaping Irish culture . Trium ph of the Danes At the turn of the rst millennium, the Danes succ essfully invade En gland and take over the thro ne for a quart er of a ce ntury . DK LO NDON Senior Art Editor Helen Spencer Pre-pr oduction Pr oduce r Robert Dunn Produc er Nancy-Jane Mau n Senior Manag ing Art Editor Lee Griths Managing Edito r Gareth J ones Associate Publishing Dire ctor Liz Wh eeler Art Dire ctor Karen S elf Design Dire ctor Philip Ormero d Publishing Dire ctor Jonathan Metcalf DK IND IA Senior Art Editor Chhaya Sajwan Senior Editor Anita Kakar Project Art Editor Pooj a Pipil Editor Aadithyan Mohan Managing Art E ditor Sudakshina Basu Senior Managin g Editor Rohan Sinha Pre-pr oduction Ma nager Sunil Sharma DTP Designer Umesh Singh Rawat 2019 ED ITION

Independent Re alms In the 9th and 10th ce nturies, Sco tland is more succe ssful than W ale s at achieving unity and independenc e fr om England. King Edward s W or ld Edward the Con fessor struggles to contain the coun trys int ernal tension s. Challenging Ro yal Authority Royal conc essions to the bar ons o f England lead to a P arl iament that has to appr ove a ny new taxes the monar ch w ishes to levy . MAGN A CART A A Prosp erous R ealm In the 12th and 13th c enturies, England pr ospers, which impro ves the s ocial and eco nomic life of some of the people. Subduing W al es The powerful princ es of Gwy nedd try to creat e an independent Wal es, but Edward I subdues them. Sc otland s Independenc e Struggle Led by Edward I, an English inva sion to crush the Scot s ends in failur e a s Rober t the Bruce and his army expel the occ upiers. BAT TLE OF B ANNOCKBURN Hundred Y e ars W ar Begins The English and the Fre nch ght ov er the thr one of Franc e, s tarting a series of co stly wars that will last mor e than a c entury . Knights and Bowmen During the medieval period, adv ance s in infantry warfare thro w a challenge to the ce ntral r ole of heavily armour ed c avalry . BAT TLE OF CRCY The Black Death A deadly infection wipes out half of the population within a year , causing pro found social changes. The Pe asants R evolt A heavy poll tax causes many people t o re bel against king and gov ernment, but the killing of the re bel leaders brings the re volt to an en d. LUTTRELL P SAL T ER Religious Enthusiasm Monasteries and pilgrimage play a major r ole in English life , though r eli gious re formers ar e brutally suppr essed. Poets of the Peo ple Geore y Chaucer pioneers vernacular writing in a form of English, poetically rev ealing eve ryday contem porary lif e in his Canterbu ry Ta les . EL Y CA TH EDRAL Change of Dynasty As Ric har d II is deposed, a new Lancastrian dynasty under Henry IV lays the seeds of a conic t that would burst into civil war . Invasion and Re volt In the 15th ce ntury , Scotla nd pro ves to be far more troubl esome for England than Wal es, except for the r evol t of Owain Glyn Dwr . The Later Hundr ed Ye ars W ar Henry V s bid f or the Fr enc h thr one almost succe eds aer Aginc ourt, but a Fre nch re vival sees the English kings lose almost all their lands in Franc e. Mercha nts and Guilds Crasmen and tr adesmen f orm guilds in British cities and towns during the pr ospe rous but sometimes turbulent 15th c entury . The W ar s of the Ro ses The houses of Lancaster and Yo rk embark on a long period of civil strife as they ght bitterly fo r the thro ne of England. MEDIEV AL WEAPONS Religious Upheav al The Pr otest ant Re formation of the Chur ch radically c hanges the lives of the British people , both r eligiously and cultur ally . The spirit of theological self-re liance changes the pol itical landscape as well. Scottish T rou bles The tr agic lif e of Mary , Queen of Sc ots, epitomizes the dang ers Sco ttish power struggles posed to the English monar chy . ELIZABETH I English Society under the Tud ors The count ry pro spers as trade and agriculture ourish, but in the ra pidly expanding cities hunger and crime stalk the stre ets. TUDOR LIFE Sailors and Priv ateer s Inspire d by the skill and daring of seve ral English seafar ers , the Ro yal Na vy is fo unded and British nava l power expands with a rene wed spirit of explora tion and disco very . The W ar with Spain England battles re morselessly with her Spanish foe , nally o verco ming its fearful shadow and ushering in a go lden age. THE DEFEA T OF TH E SPA NISH ARMAD A The English Re naissanc e Arts and philosophy ourish, with gr eat theatre , wonder ful music, evocative poetry , striking Tu dor portraits, and f ar- rea ching humanist thinking. WILLIAM SHAK ESPEARE Conquest and Plantation English power sav agely puts down sever al erc e r evol ts in Ire land, follo wed by colonizat ion and settlement in the north of the co untry , which sets the stage for futur e c onicts. The Union of the Cro wns James Is ac cess ion eectiv ely unite s the kingdoms of Gr eat Britain under the rule of a Sc ottish dynasty , the House of Stuart. THE GUNPOW DER PL OT MEDIEV AL BRIT AIN 10661485 Introduct ion Timeline Norman Conquest William the C onquer or installs an Anglo- Norman rule, intr oduc es a f eudal society , and re shapes England. BAT TLE OF HASTINGS Norman Re alm Henry Is r eig n manages to es tablish the institutional bure aucracy that r eal izes the Norman kings desire to dominate thei r new re alm. DOMESDA Y BOOK Reign of a Pow erful King King Henry II ghts the Churc h and his sons, conquers Ire land, and re forms the English legal system. MURDER IN TH E CA TH EDRAL Invasion of Ire land Irish inghting opens the way f or Henry II t o move in a nd establish English rule ove r Ire land. England in the Crusades Richard I and other kings of England embark on a series of crusades, as they heed papal calls to re gain Jerusalem and the Holy Land. TUDORS A ND STUART S 14851688 Introduct ion Timeline The Early Tud ors Henry Tu dor cent ralize s the state and conce ntrates power on the monar chy , an enduring legacy he passes on to his suc cess ors. HENRY V III