David Squire - The Bee-Kind Garden: Apian Wisdom for Your Garden
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Bee-keeping is an ancient craft and one steeped in tradition and folklore. It has a shepherding nature, with the apiarist caring for the health and welfare of the hives residents but without being able to impose strict discipline on them. It must be remembered that although bees can be domesticated they will only remain in a hive if they are treated with respect and given comfortable conditions. In exchange for looking after them and, usually, feeding with a sugary syrup in late summer, autumn and winter, the bees will provide you with honey. It is more than a fair exchange.
The Beekeepers, 156768, Pieter Bruegel the Elder
A colony of bees is complex and its ability to regulate and organize its own affairs is remarkable; all residents, whether the queen, drones or the thousands of worker bees, know their roles and exactly what is expected from them throughout the year.
From The English Illustrated Magazine, 1890
Honey bees are reliant on both pollen and nectar, which they gather from native plants as well as ornamental ones in flower beds and borders. Orchards are another source of pollen and nectar. To ensure good health and production of honey, bees need a wide range of flowers that are, essentially, uncontaminated by chemical sprays. They also need a readily available supply of clean water.
Bee-keeping is an exciting and satisfying hobby; it is practical, fulfilling and contemplative, with the bonus of working in harmony with nature.
Honey bees are social insects that have been domesticated and encouraged to live in hives. Earlier, bees made homes in holes and crevices in trees, walls and logs; later they used skeps, then other early hives. Now, they live in man-made hives designed and constructed to meet all their needs.
Skep, English woodcut, 1658
They belong to a classification of insects known as Hymenoptera, meaning having membranous wings. Relatives of honey bees include wasps, hornets, bumble bees, ants, sawflies and ichneumon flies. They all have two pairs of more or less transparent wings.
These are divided into two groups. The first includes sawflies and their close associates. They do not have a constricted waist and the egg-laying part, known as an ovipositor, is modified to form a saw. This enables females to saw slits or pockets into which eggs can be laid. The other group has a constricted waist and includes bees and wasps. Ants are also in this group, but they have mostly lost their wings (except for sexually active males and females).
Honey bees
Two groups of insects within the Hymenoptera have an ovipositor or a modification of it. With ichneumon flies and chalcid wasps this has been adapted to lay eggs on or within the bodies of insects which later serve as hosts and food reservoirs for their offspring. The ovipositor in bees and wasps has become modified into a sting. Female bees, wasps and ants, however, are able to discharge eggs through an opening at the base of their ovipositor.
1 Winged ant. 2 Hornet. 3 Wasp. 4 Ichneumon fly.
Life expectancies of a hives occupants (queen bee, drones and workers) vary throughout the seasons and especially from winter to summer. Each insect has its own agenda and duties and they all act in harmony. It is an interactive social existence and life spans reflect the nature of their roles.
Frontispiece, Parliament of Bees (written 160816, but not published until 1641), John Day (15741638)
Dutch woodcut, 1488
A queen bee usually lives for two or three years and during this period lays 600,000 eggs. However, records indicate that some queens live for four or five years or even longer. When her egg-laying abilities decline, her place is taken by one of her daughters, specially reared for this purpose.
During summer a drone usually lives for four or five weeks; he becomes sexually active when 1014 days old, and his main duty is fertilizing the queen. Drones do not visit flowers for food; instead, they either remove it from returning foraging worker bees or take it from stored food within the hive. The thought that drones have a comfortable existence is confirmed by them usually congregating in the warmest part of the hive and only going outside on fine, sunny and windless days and then only in the afternoon between midday and four oclock.
Their life expectancy varies throughout the year, with those born from late spring to midsummer (known as summer bees) living for an average of 25 days. However, those born in early autumn (often known as winter bees) live for 50 days or more. This life expectancy is influenced not only by the amount of work expected from them from one season to another (including foraging, looking after young larvae and other domestic duties), but also by an internal change influenced by the number of larvae required to replace them.
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