NEW APPROACHES IN SOCIOLOGY
STUDIES IN SOCIAL INEQUAINEUALITY, SOCIAL CHANGE,AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
Edited by
Nancy A. Naples
University of Connecticut
A ROUTLEDGE SERIES
NEW APPROACHES IN SOCIOLOGY
STUDIES IN SOCIAL INEQUALITY, SOCIAL CHANCE, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
NANCY A. NAPLES, General Editor
THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF POLICY
An Institutional Ethnography of UN Forest Deliberations
Lauren E. Eastwood
THE STRUGGLE OVER GAY, LESBIAN, AND BISEXUAL RIGHTS
Facing Off in Cincinnati
Kimberly B. Dugan
PARENTING FOR THE STATE
An Ethnographic Analysis of Non-Profit Foster Care
Teresa Toguchi Swartz
PARENTING FOR THE STATE
An Ethnographic Analysis of Non-Profit Foster Care
Teresa Toguchi Swartz
Published in 2005 by
Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016
Published in Great Britain by
Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
2 Park Square Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN
2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-415-97261-2 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-415-97261-1 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2004030628
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Swartz, Teresa Toguchi.
Parenting for the State : an ethnographic analysis of non-profit foster care / Teresa Toguchi Swartz.
p. cm. -- (New approaches in sociology)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-97261-2
1. Foster home care--United States. 2. Foster home care--California--Los Angeles County. I. Title. II. Series.
HV881.S93 2005
362.73'3'0973--dc22
2004030628
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the Routledge Web site at
http://www.routledge-ny.com
To the children of Hope And the families who open their hearts and homes to them.
Contents
Chapter One
Introduction: The State as Parent
Chapter Two
The Context of Foster Care Policy and Practice
Chapter Three
Foster Care through Expert Eyes
Chapter Four
Money, Meaning, and Mothering: The Multiple Motivations of Foster Parent Carework
Chapter Five
Negotiating "Hope": The Challenges of State Supervised Parenting
Chapter Six
Caring Professionals and Professional Caring
Chapter Seven
The Perils and Promises of Privatization
Chapter Eight
Foster Care and the Welfare State in Ethnographic Perspective
I am deeply grateful for all of those who have contributed over the years to the development of this book. This project began as a dissertation while I was a graduate student at the University of California, San Diego. I wish to express my appreciation to my academic mentors who each contributed greatly to my intellectual development. I thank my dissertation committee who guided and supported me throughout this project, and who gave me the space and time to forge my own path. Rebecca Klatch has been a wonderful teacher, mentor and friend. Bud Mehan showed me the possibilities of being a serious scholar and passionate advocate for change. Dick Madsen's moral strength and broad perspective continually reminded me of the higher purposes that drew me to this work in the first place. I also wish to thank other teachers and mentors who taught me so much, in particular, Christena Turner, Ellen Seiter, Kit Woolard, Steve Cornell, Jeff Haydu, and especially, Jackie Wiseman who taught me the importance of a sociology that pays attention to people.
I have been fortunate to find a rich community of intellectual and personal support at the University of Minnesota. Even as a first year assistant professor in the Sociology Department, many of my new colleagues have already offered me a great deal of academic and emotional nourishment. I also wish to express my deep gratitude to my new colleagues in the Asian American Studies Program, who have been exceptionally welcoming and have already supplied me with much appreciated encouragement and support as I completed this work.
I wish to thank a number of friends and colleagues who have provided me with constructive feedback on this work including Johanna Bockman, Doug Hartmann, Ann Hironaka, Barbara Laslett, Jeylan Mortimer, Tamara Perkins, Jennifer Pierce, and Mary Romero. I extend my thanks to Christine Williams and anonymous reviewers from Gender & Society for their helpful and insightful comments. I am grateful to the Carework Network that has provided me with several forums to share my work and receive critical comments from scholars and practitioners who share my interest in issues surrounding care.
I express my gratitude to Nancy Naples, series editor, for her constructive feedback that has greatly improved this book. Thanks to Kimberly Guinta and Benjamin Holtzman of Routledge for their patience and assistance. I am also deeply appreciative of the editorial expertise and efforts of Jeanne Barker-Nunn who has made this a much better book than it would have been otherwise. Portions of this book have been adapted and reprinted from Teresa Toguchi Swartz, "Mothering for the State: Foster Parenting and the Challenges of Government-Contracted Care Work," in Gender & Society vol. 18, no. 5, October 2004, pp. 567-587, copyright 2004 by Sage Publications. Reprinted by Permission of Sage Publications, Inc.
I acknowledge the generous financial support of a National Research Service Award, "Mental Health and Adjustment in the Life Course" from the National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH19893). This postdoctoral fellowship provided me with the time and resources I needed to develop my ideas on this project and revise the dissertation into this book. My appreciation goes to the University of Minnesota's Sociology Department's Life Course Center who administered this postdoctoral fellowship and provided me with a stimulating and inspiring environment.
My immeasurable thanks go to my family for their support as I worked through this project. To my children, Ben and Emma, who were a constant source of inspiration, motivation and laughter. I wish to thank all of those who created "a village" for my kids during the various stages of research and writing especially my parents and the daycare providers at University of Minnesota Child Care Center and the UCSD Early Childhood Education Center. I am grateful for the encouragement and rejuvenating rimes away from work provided to me by parents, Charles and Chiyoko Swartz, my parents in-law Robert and Esther Hartmann, and my siblings Julie, Nancy, Chris, Pauline, and Lisa Swartz, other family including Dennis, Deidre, Denise, Pete, and Lisa, and my family away from home, Josephine Lee and Kevin Kinneavy.