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Debi Prasanna Pattanayak - Multilingualism in India (Multilingual Matters, 61)

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Multilingualism in India is a challenging and stimulating study of the nature and structure of multilingualism in the Indian subcontinent. India, with 1652 mother tongues, between two hundred and seven hundred languages belonging to four language families, written in ten major script systems and a host of minor ones represents multilingualism unparalleled in the democratric world. With four thousand castes and communities and equal number of religious faiths and cults, its multilingualism matches its pluriculturalism. The articles in this book discuss sociology, psychology, pedagogy and demographic aspects of multilingualism. They bring out some of the salient problems of literacy in a multilingual world and give a language planning perspective. The volume ends with a discussion on language and social identity. In a multilingual country like India many languages are mutually supportive and complement one another. Identities are layered and larger identities encompass the smaller ones without absorbing them. This social document will appeal equally to linguists, social scientist and educators, while offering new insights to all those interested in differences among social groups and how communication in different settings unite them. It will enable the reader to enter into the classroom, a tribal home, and contexts in which multilingual discourses take place and understand the deeply ingrained language habits, values, and attitudes.

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Page i Multilingualism in India Edited by Debi Prasanna Pattanayak - photo 1
Page i
Multilingualism in India
Edited by
Debi Prasanna Pattanayak
MULTILINGUAL MATTERS 61
Series Editor: Derrick Sharp
Picture 2
MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD
Clevedon Philadelphia

title:Multilingualism in India Multilingual Matters (Series) ; 61
author:Pattanayak, Debi Prasanna
publisher:Multilingual Matters
isbn10 | asin:1853590738
print isbn13:9781853590733
ebook isbn13:9780585126128
language:English
subjectMultilingualism--India, Sociolinguistics--India.
publication date:1990
lcc:P115.5.I4M85 1990eb
ddc:306.4/46/0954
subject:Multilingualism--India, Sociolinguistics--India.
Page ii
Disclaimer:
This book contains characters with diacritics. When the characters can be represented using the ISO 8859-1 character set ( http://www.w3.org/TR/images/latin1.gif ), netLibrary will represent them as they appear in the original text, and most computers will be able to show the full characters correctly. In order to keep the text searchable and readable on most computers, characters with diacritics that are not part of the ISO 8859-1 list will be represented without their diacritical marks.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 1-85359-073-8
ISBN 1-85359-072-X (pbk)
Multilingual Matters Ltd
Bank House, 8a Hill Road, & 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101
Clevedon, Avon BS21 7HH, Bristol, PA 19007
England USA
Copyright 1990 D.P. Pattanayak and the authors of individual chapters.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by
any means without permission in writing from the publisher.
Index compiled by Meg Davies
Typeset by Action Typesetting, Gloucester.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by WBC Print Ltd.
Page iii
Contents
Introduction
D. P. Pattanayak
v
1
A Demographic Appraisal of Mutilingualism in India
B. P. Mahapatra
1
2
The Regional Language vis--vis English as the Medium of Instruction in Higher Education: The Indian Dilemma
Bh. Krishnamurti
15
3
Linguistic Dominance and Cultural Dominance: A Study of Tribal Bilingualism in India
E. Annamalai
25
4
Multilingualism and School Education in India: Special Features, Problems and Prospects
A. K. Srivastava
37
5
Psychological Consequences of Mother Tongue Maintenance and Multilingualism in India
A. K. Mohanty
54
6
Literacy in a Multilingual Context
R. N. Srivastava And R. S. Gupta
67
7
Multilingualism from a Language Planning Perspective: Issues and Prospects
H . R. Dua
79
8
Language and Social Identity
Jennifer Bayer
101
Index
112

Page v
Introduction
D. P. Pattanayak
Inequality has many faces. Giving recognition to a single language variety as standard creates a cadre of people who through various controls gain from the acquisition, processing, storage, transmission, retrieval and other manipulations of the language. Similarly, giving recognition to a single language as the language of education, administration and mass communication in a plurilingual society bestows advantages on the speakers of that language. As the recognition of standard requires that cognitive strategies and discourse styles are learned through special schooling, so does acceptance of a unilingual standard in a multilingual world. With the advent of literacy a special group was created who eked out their living by the preservation and interpretation of written information. In the case of a monolingual standard in a plurilingual world, the elite was twice removed from reality as the choice of a single language as sole medium of communication usurped the right of different language speakers to participate equally in the developmental process of the state or society concerned. It further limited this societal resource to the cleverer among the manipulators of the standard.
Whether, as in some cultures, we emphasise the distinction between child language and adult language, or treat child language as apprentice to the skills and practices of adult language, the difference is a matter of degree. In neither case is attention given to the cognitive and societal reorganisation or transition necessary on the part of a child to enter the world of literacy, and of the standard. Every child, irrespective of its sex, parental education and language, has to make the transition from home language to school language. However, it must be noted that the strategies needed for such transition would largely depend upon the code distance between the variety spoken at home and that in school, or in the case of two languages the convergence or divergence between the languages concerned. To name this cultural difference for all as cultural deficiency for some is to divert attention from issues. To treat the characteristics of written code which is
Page vi
elaborate and explicit as characteristics of a particular social class is, to say the least, discriminatory.
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