Juan Gomez-Quinones - Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600-1940
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Mexican Americans--Southwest, New--Politics and government, Mexican Americans--Southwest, New--Intellectual life.
publication date
:
1994
lcc
:
F790.M5G65 1994eb
ddc
:
979/.0046872073
subject
:
Mexican Americans--Southwest, New--Politics and government, Mexican Americans--Southwest, New--Intellectual life.
Page iii
Roots of Chicano Politics, 16001940
Juan Gmez-Quiones
Page iv
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gmez-Quiones, Juan. Roots of Chicano politics, 16001940 / Juan Gmez-Quiones. 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8263-1471-6. ISBN 08263-1431-7 (pbk.) 1. Mexican AmericansSouthwest, NewPolitics and government. 2. Mexican AmericansSouthwest, NewIntellectual life. I. Title. F790.M5G65 1994 979'.0046872073dc20 9331940 CIP
1994 by the University of New Mexico Press All rights reserved. First edition
Page v
Contents
Introduction
vii
1 The Septentrion: Political Culture of the North, 16001822
1
2 Mexican Republicanism on the Frontera, 18221848
89
3 The Consolidation of North American Domination, 18481900
191
4 A New Century and New Challenges, 19001941
295
Conclusion
403
Notes
415
Bibliography
503
Index
533
Page vii
Introduction
Continuously, from the nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century, Mexican communities within the United States have presented a vivid illustration of one ethnic group's irreducible condition in the contemporary world.1 In the United States today, the Mexican community, numbering several million, is a charter as well as an immigrant group, concentrated within a region and possessing a past as long and as rich as any ethnic population in the U.S.
This study emphasizes one aspect of that pastthe political experience shaped by social change from the seventeenth-century origins of these people to the period of national and international change occasioned by World War II. The sources of this study include the voice of the participant in that history, with its insider perspective tempered by extensive familiarity with the historiography of the region as well as by the objectivity afforded by distance in time. Politics here interacts with social homage; transformation of the economy drives social change, with alterations in social relations as the result. Politics, then, is a response to such alterations. Specific concepts orient the narrative and the interpretation of politics: class, gender, ethnicity, governance, leadership role/status, ideology, force, and repressionall ideological devices useful in interpreting the expression of social change as politics and providing thematic threads running through the narrative.
The primary focus here is devoted to a reconstruction of the political history of the Mexican people in what is today the southwestern United States; like any political history, this one is also the result of an interpretation,2 which in itself evolves from an interest in contributing
Page viii
to a more complex understanding of U.S. history as well as strengthening the political memory of the Mexican American community. In effect, this study is a record related to the histories of both Mexico and the United States, for neither of these two "national histories" have provided the space in which to tell the story of this population. Such an enterprise requires maintaining a tenuous balance between appropriate detail, a logically salient pattern, and informative generalization. It is hoped the result is a reconstruction of history, both thematic and chronologically, wherein continuity and change will both be more clearly perceived.
A secondary intention here is to look at heterogenity or diversity among Mexicans as they relate to politics.3 Certainly, Mexicans in the United States have experienced sentiments of pleasure or grief similar to those in other groups, with whom they probably will share a common end in a distant future; but Mexican Americans have been and are distinct in history and in their social being. Mexicans in the U.S. are unique in several ways among all of the country's other ethnic groups, and within these "ways" are multiple diversities. Mexicans are native to the Americas; they originated in North America, not elsewhere. From its origins, this ethnicity was internally diverse; the "modern" Mexican American of today was forged in the crucible of the economic and social transformation of nations in the postfeudal, capitalist period of world development. Mexican Americans derive from one such multiclass, multiethnic nation in North America, Mexiconot from the Anglo-Germanic, European mix of the origins of dominant United States society or from East European, Asian, or African importations. The geographical spread of this social development is so wide it allows for regional and subregional developments within the broader commonalities. Moreover, though they have not always been understood by outside observers, class distinctions have existed in practice and been understood within the Mexican American community for generations. Moreover, the Mexican community has considerable variety in its sequential organizational and leadership expressions. The community is linked, in particular, to its transborder-lands origin. For a variety of reasons, relations with central Mexico are a significant part of the ongoing history.
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