Juan Gómez-Quiñones - Mexican American labor, 1790-1990
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Historians of labor in the United States have given scant attention to Mexican American workers and their trade union activity. Juan Gomesz-Quinoness panoramic history summarizes the origins of this work force and the social and economic changes the workers experienced as industrialization and capitalism transformed employment in the nineteenth century. He focuses on the Southwest and California in particular in recounting worker efforts to organize trade unions over the past one hundred years. As he traces the historic evolution of struggles to gain economic equity and ethnic and gender equality, Gomez-Quinones introduces the individual experiences of many courageous workers. For example, Francisco Medrano began as a pick-and-shovel man in a Texas quarry in 1939, then got on-the-job training that enabled him to join the United Auto Workers union, where he was the only Chicano in a membership of 30,000, and went on to organize industrial workers throughout Texas and in the 1960s to link labor causes to civil rights and political campaigns.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gmez-Quiones, Juan. Mexican American labor/Juan Gmez Quiones. 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8263-1516-X (cl). ISBN 0-8263-1526-7 (pa) 1. Mexican Americans Employment West (U.S.) History. 2. Trade unions West (U.S.) Mexican American membership History. I. Title. HD8081.M6G658 1994 331.6'968073 dc20 93 48898 CIP
1994 by the University of New Mexico Press All rights reserved. First edition
Page v
CONTENTS
Preface
vii
Introduction
3
I. The Beginnings: 1790-1900
15
1. Mexican Labor North of the Ro Bravo to 1848
17
2. Mexican Labor under the United States
39
II. The Early Days: 1900-1940
63
3. Labor Conflict and Attempts at Organizing
65
4. Nonagricultural Labor
97
5. Agricultural Labor
129
III. The Mid-Twentieth Century
151
6. An Imperfect Promise
153
7. The Industries and the Unions
177
IV. The Late Twentieth Century
211
8. Issues and Responses
213
9. Agriculture
233
10. Manufacturing
267
11. Crafts and Services
295
Conclusion
329
Notes
341
Bibliography
395
Index
453
Page vii
PREFACE
This book is a result of two long-standing convictions. One is my belief that workers, particularly through their trade unions, are among the most important forces for positive change in any society. The other is my belief that the study of U.S. Mexican workers provides an enhanced view of the historical evolution of their community. The present work is much more the result of studying written information than it is of personal participation; nevertheless, I have not only been a writer, a member of two unions, and an observer of labor but also a prolabor participant. In any case the historical record presented here is that of the workers themselves.
However modest my involvement in direct labor-organizing activity has been, it has been important in shaping the ideas and feelings I bring to this topic. My earliest introduction to organized labor came from my father, who taught me to distinguish between the trade-union ideal and the less-than-perfect reality of any union; and nevertheless to affirm the ideal. My experiences working at jobs under union and nonunion conditions as a teenager reaffirmed his lessons. My uncle Frank Duarte, with his clipped Chihuahua articulation, would recount his extensive experience as an activist in our community, sensitizing me to the complexities of union politics. Sam Kushner constantly encouraged my interest in labor and often clarified background and facts for me.
I have been fortunate in having many friends interested in organized labor, but also in having friends who share my particular interest in the study of labor history and trade unions. Because of them I am better informed and more sensitive to the evolution of labor issues. Living and working among immigrants has greatly influenced my sense of community. Particularly important to my understanding of the relation between immigrants and surrounding social forces have been my experiences with the Centro de Accin Social Autnomo-Hermandad General de Trabajadores (CASA-HGT) and the One Stop Immigration and Education Center (OSIEC). Some of my direct contacts with unions have also been significant. My brief membership in the Teamsters was incidental and even hilarious on one occasion, but I learned that a union may be negatively portrayed in print and yet be effective with its members and appreciated by them. My participation on various occasions in support of farmworker organizing in California and Texas has impressed me with the deep longing for a union among the ill-treated and unorganized, the broad solidarity these workers draw on, and the regret-
Page viii
tably large numbers of ordinary citizens who are antiunion and anti-Mexican. My impressions of public employees from the vantage point of a one-time administrator and appointed trustee have been mixed. At UCLA I observed some of the worst aspects of unionism; at the California State University I saw that employee organizing could indeed improve a public institution. My American Federation of Teachers experience is still unfolding.
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