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Tribalism: The evolutionary origins of fear politics
Author:
Stevan E Hobfoll
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Palgrave Macmillan
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Books / Politics
Year:
2018
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Unearthing the most primal motivations behind the fear politics movements sweeping across the USA, Europe, and the Middle East, Stevan E. Hobfoll examines how the increasing sense of threat from the political and cultural ?other? or ?outsider? engenders an evolutionary, built-in ?defend and aggress? response. This deep-wired evolutionary response is a defining aspect of our tribal origins and has allowed for the rise of propaganda, extremist politics, and?in turn?violence. In this timely work, which binds theories in psychology, sociology, evolution, biology, linguistics, iconography, rhetoric, and religion, Hobfoll explores the tribalist roots of radical militant Islam, violence against women, white supremacy, the rise of authoritarian leaders, and an increasingly polarized and uncompromising political landscape. Grounded in evolutionary psychological research, Hobfoll?s long term study of stress, and in conversation with contemporary academic literature, Tribalism not only offers an explanation for society?s worst impulses, but also points us towards the best protections against tribalism and other evolutionary traps. Read more...

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Stevan E. Hobfoll

Tribalism The Evolutionary Origins of Fear Politics

Stevan E. Hobfoll

Department of Behaviorial Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-78404-5 e-ISBN 978-3-319-78405-2

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78405-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018939905

The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover Photo Johan Willner

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature.

The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

P raise for T ribalism : The E volutionary O rigins of F ear P olitics

Who among us has not been concerned, even frightened, by daily exposure to the significant and growing divides among those who inhabit this globe? In his usual thorough, well documented, and candid manner, Stevan Hobfoll helps us understand the varied derivative domains, the evolution, and the current manifestations of these divisions. Grounded in these factors, he also provides a road-map toward healthier ways to live with our neighbors. This book will make readers think and question. Hopefully, it will also, be a call to action in service of finding our shared humanity.

Brian W. Flynn, Ed.D., Rear Admiral & Assistant Surgeon General, USPHS, Ret.

In this profoundly illuminating book, leading psychologist Stevan Hobfoll explores the tribal thinking that threatens to tear whole nations apart. He explains how our evolutionary tribal capacities are being manipulated and how to renew the battle against these harmful processes. It is an essential book for our times that changes how we see ourselves and will have broad social and political impact.

Stevan Weine M.D., Professor of Psychiatry & Director of Global Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine. Author of When History is a Nightmare and Testimony after Catastrophe

Hobfolls decades of influential theoretical and empirical psychological scholarship, alongside his years of international military experience during both war and peace, cast an unprecedented and riveting lens to one of the most vexing topics of the 21st century immensely readable, this brilliant and mesmerizing volume will be of interest to social and behavioral scientists, medical and military scholars, as well as anyone who seeks to be intellectually challenged

Roxanne Cohen Silver, Ph.D.

To Dr. Ivonne Hobfoll, my partner and greatest supporter for these many years, and our world journey. It took courage to marry me!

Acknowledgments

There are always many people to thank in the production of such a book. Dr. Thomas Deutsch quickly and insightfully read every chapter and made formative comments. Another colleague and friend who chooses to be anonymous was also instrumental and gave brilliant comments on each chapter. Alexandra Fischer, Dr. Kenleigh Rodem Foreman, Dr. Teresa Lillis, and Katie Rim helped edit, check references, and proof-read thoughtfully and offered many insights and gently raised issues of errors and lack of clarity. The Palgrave Macmillan team, including Kyra Saniewski, Rachel Daniel, and Mary Al-Sayed, was great to work with and always supportive. Susan Schulman was an early champion of the book and rich in ideas and insight.

Of course, the work and everything said in it is my responsibility and not of their making.

Contents

Index

List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Executive orders per year in office. (Adapted from Kristen Bialik, Pew Research Center [33])

Fig. 2.1 Population density versus 2012 election results. (Courtesy of Dave Troy [24])

Fig. 3.1 U.S. Male Labor Force Participation Rates. (Adapted from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics [16])

Fig. 3.2 U.S. mortality rates by education level. (Adapted from Case and Deaton [17])

Fig. 4.1 Rocket attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip between 2001 and 2014. (Adapted from Israel Defense Forces [16])

Fig. 5.1 The characteristics of a dark triadic leader. (Adapted from Paulhus and Williams [18])

Fig. 6.1 The iceberg theory of terrorism support. (Adapted from Sprinzak [20])

Fig. 6.2 View of government as enemy or friend. (Adapted from Pew Research Center [24])

Fig. 7.1 Support for wife beating among married Palestinian refugees. (Adapted from Khawaja et al. [18])

Fig. 8.1 Popular vote deficits by previous presidents. (Adapted from Robert Farley [15])

List of Images

Image 1.1 InfoWars.com s Stop Dictator Obama contest [34]

Image 2.1 Anti-Japanese sentiment in the U.S. during World War II [36]

Image 3.1 Situation Room by Pete Souza [9]

Image 3.2 Bushmaster Man Card Advertisement [21]

Image 6.1 Map of the SykesPicot agreement, 1916 [6]

The Author(s) 2018

Stevan E. Hobfoll Tribalism https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78405-2_1

1. The Primitive Self and the Power of Catastrophic Threat

Stevan E. Hobfoll

(1)

Department of Behaviorial Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

When Mexico sends its people, theyre not sending their best. Theyre sending people that have lots of problems, and theyre bringing those problems with us. Theyre bringing drugs. Theyre bringing crime. Theyre rapists. (DonaldTrump in a speech announcing his presidential candidacy [])

The black-haired Jewish youth lies in wait for hours on end, satanically glaring at and spying on the unsuspicious girl whom he plans to seduce, adulterating her blood and removing her from the bosom of her own people. The Jew uses every possible means to undermine the racial foundations of a subjugated people. (Adolph Hitler, Mein Kampf [])

There is no message more powerful, primal, or primitive than the evocation of the need to protect the family and tribe. We are genetically primed and culturally shaped to alert, defend, and aggress, and even to sacrifice the self in the service of that protection. In fact, the alert, defend, and aggress system is primary and fundamental to how humans are biologically built, emotionally primed and cognitively programmed. This extends to the protection of our way of life and the fundamental elements of those things we hold most dearthe protective response against threats to our freedom, our nation, our land. The provocation of outsiders raping our women is one of the most primitive and basic of these threats. Rape invalidates the blood line, as the progeny of such an act may not be ours, and the loss of our women or our children translates to the end of the tribe.

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