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The Indians of Oklahoma, a survey of the sixty-seven tribes residing in the state, explains the colonizing process that populated Indian Territory (the future Oklahoma) with Native Americans from all parts of the United States during the nineteenth century and interprets the striking cultural diversity of the Indian communities thus formed. The author separates the Native American experience in Oklahoma into four periods.This book is one of a series entitled Newcomers to a New Land which analyzes the role of the major ethnic groups that have contributed to the history of Oklahoma.
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Cheyenne Madonna. Courtesy of the Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City.
Page iii
The Indians in Oklahoma
by Rennard Strickland
University of Oklahoma Press Norman and London
Page iv
Oklahoma Image is a project sponsored by the Oklahoma Department of Librariesand the Oklahoma Library Association,and made possible by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Strickland, Rennard. The Indians in Oklahoma.
(Newcomers to a new land) Bibliography: p. 1. Indians of North AmericaOklahomaHistory. I. Title. II. Series E78.045S84 976.6'00497 79-6717 ISBN: 0-8061-1675-7 (pbk.)
Copyright 1980 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the U.S.A.
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Page v
This Book is Written for the Next Generation of Oklahoma Indians Especially James Bradley and Kathryn Gambill and Geoffrey and Jonathan Blackwell
Where the Indian passed in dignity, disturbing nothing and leaving Nature as he had found her; with nothing to record his passage, except a footprint or a broken twig, the white man plundered and wasted and shouted; frightening the silences with his great, braying laughter and his cursing. John Joseph Matthews, Wah'Kon-Tah
Page vii
Contents
Preface. An Oklahoma Indian Calendar
xi
1. The Bright Autumn of Indian Nationhood
1
2. The Dark Winter of Settlement and Statehood
31
3. The Long Spring of Tribal Renewal
69
4. The Spirit of a Modern Indian Summer
103
Bibliographical Essay
141
Notes
149
Tables
159
Maps
167
Page ix
Foreword
This book is one of a series entitled "Newcomers to a New Land," which analyzes the role of the major ethnic groups that have contributed to the history of Oklahoma. Though not large in number as compared to some other states, immigrants from various European nations left a marked impact on Oklahoma's history. As in the larger United States, they worked in many economic and social roles that enriched the state's life. Indians have played a crucial part in Oklahoma's history, even to giving the state her name. Blacks and Mexicans have also fulfilled a special set of roles, and will continue to affect Oklahoma's future. The history of each of these groups is unique, well worth remembering to both their heirs and to other people in the state and nation. Their stories come from the past, but continue on to the future.
Editorial Committee
H. Wayne Morgan, Chairman University of Oklahoma
Douglas Hale Oklahoma State University
Rennard Strickland University of Tulsa
Page xi
Preface An Oklahoma Indian Calendar
This is a very personal book, a brief chronicle that attempts to capture the life and spirit of Oklahoma's Indian people. Because more than sixty-five Indian tribes, each with a distinctive history, have been located within the state's boundaries, this narrative can be only illustrative. Single occurrences must represent major events in the lives of dozens of tribes and thousands of individuals. The wealth of Oklahoma's Indian heritage is only suggested. Much of the depth and breadth of this truly remarkable story is left for the reader to explore in other, more detailed sources.
The principal task of any chronicler is to remember what is important in the life of a people. Oklahoma's Indian people have long recorded significant occurrences. On calendar sticks, in strands of wampum, on painted-hide calendars, the Indian tribal story has been told in such a way that important human events are not lost amid life's thousands of trivial details.1
History is more than dates and numbers. History is an act of remembrance. Each of us remembers our personal history in an episodic, pictorial calendar of the mind. We gauge time in terms of eventsthe year we moved across the country, the winter of the big freeze, the summer that the baby died, or the spring we won the high school championships. History is this kind of collective remembrance. Such Indian artifacts as the Kiowa calendar, a Comanche buffalohide robe, the Delaware Walum Olum sticks, the Kee-Too-Wah Cherokee wampum belts, or the Creek plates with their varied pictures, patterns, and symbols do for an Indian tribe what we do for ourselves when we measure and remember our lives.
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