Leilah Danielson - American Gandhi: A. J. Muste and the History of Radicalism in the Twentieth Century

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American Gandhi

POLITICS AND CULTURE IN MODERN AMERICA

Series Editors:

Margot Canaday, Glenda Gilmore, Michael Kazin, Stephen Pitti, and Thomas J. Sugrue

Volumes in the series narrate and analyze political and social change in the broadest dimensions from 1865 to the present, including ideas about the ways people have sought and wielded power in the public sphere and the language and institutions of politics at all levelslocal, national, and transnational. The series is motivated by a desire to reverse the fragmentation of modern U.S. history and to encourage synthetic perspectives on social movements and the state, on gender, race, and labor, and on intellectual history and popular culture.

AMERICAN GANDHI

A. J. Muste and the History of Radicalism in the Twentieth Century

Leilah Danielson

PENN

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS

HILADELPHIA

Copyright 2014 University of Pennsylvania Press

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations used for purposes of review or scholarly citation, none of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means without written permission from the publisher.

Published by

University of Pennsylvania Press

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112

www.upenn.edu/pennpress

Printed in the United States of America

on acid-free paper

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Danielson, Leilah.

American Gandhi : A. J. Muste and the history of radicalism in the twentieth century / Leilah Danielson.1st ed.

p. cm. (Politics and culture in modern America)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-8122-4639-1 (hardcover : alk. paper)

1. PacifistsUnited StatesBiography. 2. QuakersUnited StatesBiography. 3. RadicalismUnited StatesHistory20th century. 4. Muste, A. J. (Abraham John), 18851967. I. Title. II. Series: Politics and culture in modern America.

JZ5540.2.M8D36 2014

320.53092dc23

[B]	2014007120

For Eric and our children, Adin and Mira

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

ACLU	American Civil Liberties Union
ACW	Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
AFFFHW	American Federation of Full-Fashioned Hosiery Workers
AFL	American Federation of Labor
AFSC	American Friends Service Committee
AFT	American Federation of Teachers
ATWA	Amalgamated Textile Workers of America
AWP	American Workers Party
CALCAV	Clergy and Laymen Concerned About Vietnam
CIO	Congress of Industrial Organizations
CLA	Communist League of America
CNVA	Committee for Nonviolent Action
COFO	Council of Federated Organizations
CORE	Congress of Racial Equality
CP	Communist Party
CPLA	Conference for Progressive Labor Action
CPM	Church Peace Mission
CPS	Civilian Public Service
CRC	Christian Reformed Church
FERA	Federal Emergency Relief Administration
FOR	Fellowship of Reconciliation
IFOR	International Fellowship of Reconciliation
ILGWU	International Ladies Garment Workers Union
IWW	Industrial Workers of the World
LID	League for Industrial Democracy
LIPA	League for Independent Political Action
MOBE	Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
MOWM	March on Washington Movement
NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NLF	National Liberation Front
NSBRO	National Service Board for Religious Objectors
NUL	National Unemployed League
PMA	Progressive Miners of America
RCA	Reformed Church in America
RUMW	Reorganized United Mine Workers of America
SANE	Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy
SCM	Student Christian Movement
SDS	Students for a Democratic Society
SNCC	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SP	Socialist Party
SPU	Student Peace Union
TUUL	Trade Union Unity League
UCL	Unemployed Citizens League
UMWA	United Mine Workers of America
UTW	United Textile Workers
WEB	Workers Education Bureau
WILPF	Womens International League for Peace and Freedom
WPB	World Peace Brigade
WPC	World Peace Council
WPUS	Workers Party of the United States
WRL	War Resisters League
WTUL	Womens Trade Union League
YMCA	Young Mens Christian Association
YWCA	Young Womens Christian Association

Introduction

O N A RAINY afternoon in May 1957, seventy-two-year-old Abraham Johannes (A. J.) Muste sat down to write his autobiography. Unfortunately, he would never complete the volume, as he was repeatedly interrupted by the pressing work of organizing protests against nuclear testing and aiding the African American civil rights movement. In his Sketches for an Autobiography that were published in Liberation magazine, the present always intruded, precluding a stable, linear narrative. Writing an autobiography, Muste mused, relates to the present or immediate past, to the world in which the writer now lives, not the one into which he was born. For Muste, that present was Hiroshima; Nagasaki; Bikini; Korea; Dienbienphu; Suez; Hungary; Kenya; Algeria; South Africa; Alger Hiss; McCarthy; Oppenheimer; Japanese fishermen caught in a lethal rain; White Citizens Councils; the H-Bomb; the Intercontinental Ballistics Missile. The yawning gap between the horrors of the mid-twentieth century and his childhood as a Dutch provincial seemed insuperable to him. How far, far away is all this in years, and in more subtle and profound respects, from a little provincial city in Holland in 1885? How long the journey and to what end?

Mustes comments speak to his long life as a leader of social movements and as an important political, intellectual, and moral presence in American society from World War I to the mid-1960s. In this book, I offer an interpretation of his evolving thought and politics as a window into the history of the American left in the years when the United States became a modern nation and emerged as a global superpower.

Mustes revolutionary commitment never ceased, but his confidence in the power of structural change to remake human beings and human society declined over time. Like others who came of age in the 1910s, he was a modernist, convinced of the plasticity of the self and the environment.

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