John Emmeus Davis - Impactful Development and Community Empowerment: Balancing the Dual Goals of a Global CLT Movement

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IMPACTFUL
DEVELOPMENT
AND COMMUNITY
EMPOWERMENTA Common Ground Monograph

Center for Community Land Trust Innovation
3146 Buena Vista Street
Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53704

Copyright 2021 Center for CLT Innovation.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the Center for Community Land Trust Innovation, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles and reviews. For requests for permission to reprint portions of this book, please contact

Publishers Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Davis, John Emmeus, editor. | Algoed, Line, editor. | Hernndez-Torrales, Mara E., editor. Title: Impactful development and community empowerment : balancing the dual goals of a global CLT movement / John Emmeus Davis ; Line Algoed ; Mara E. Hernndez-Torrales, editors.
Series: Common Ground Monographs
Description: Includes bibliographical references. | Madison, WI: Terra Nostra Press, 2021.
Identifiers: Library of Congress Control Number: 2021901598
ISBN: 978-1-7344030-9-1 (paperback) | ISBN: 978-1-7362759-0-0 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH Land trusts. | Land tenure. | Land use. | Land use, Urban. | Nature conservation. | Landscape protection. | Sustainable development. | Economic developmentEnvironmental aspects. | City planningEnvironmental aspects. | Community development. | Urban ecology (Sociology) | BISAC POLITICAL SCIENCE / Public Policy / City Planning & Urban Development | LAW / Housing & Urban Development | BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Development / Sustainable Development | SOCIAL SCIENCE / Sociology / Urban
Classification: LCC KF736.L3 W49 2020 | DDC 333.2dc23

CONTENTS

John Emmeus Davis, Line Algoed, and Mara E. Hernndez-Torrales

Tony Pickett and Emily Thaden

Brenda Torpy

Alan Gottlieb and Aaron Miripol

Susannah Bunce and Joshua Barndt

Line Algoed, Mara E. Hernndez-Torrales, Lyvia Rodriguez Del Valle, and Karla Torres Sueiro

Olivia Williams

John Emmeus Davis

FIGURES

Introduction

A Dual-Goal Model of
Community Development

John Emmeus Davis, Line Algoed,
and Mara E. Hernndez-Torrales

It has been fifty years since the founding of New Communities Inc., an organizational prototype that is widely considered to have been the first community land trust (CLT). Established by African-American activists in Albany, Georgia as a vehicle for extending their struggle for political rights into the realm of economic rights,

Community land trusts have proliferated over the past five decades, multiplying within the United States and spreading beyond the models country of origin. So many CLTs now exist in England, Europe, Canada and, increasingly, in the Global South that it is no longer accurate to characterize the CLT as distinctively American. Nor is there a single, uniform model of what a CLT is and does. As its numbers have grown and as its footprint has widened, the model has changed. Today, there are many variations on the theme of CLT classic.

What has not changed is the dynamic tension between impactful development and community empowerment that was baked into the structure and purpose of the CLT from the very beginning. The founders of New Communities Inc., as well as the founders of most CLTs that came after, were committed to improving the lives of people from races and classes who were being systematically excluded from the political and economic mainstream. CLT practitioners were convinced that community-led development on community-owned land, the strategy embodied in their new model for land tenure, was especially suited to rebuilding human settlements to benefit the many, not the few, bending the arc of development toward more equitable access to affordable housing, food security, essential services, and economic opportunity.

For that to happen, however, a CLT must gain control over enough land-based assets to have an impact on its chosen locale. It has to possess sufficient financial resources and organizational capacity to acquire more and more parcels of land, to develop an increasing quantity of housing (and other facilities), and to serve as the permanent steward of those assets. At the same time as a CLT is endeavoring to expand its portfolio of real property, moreover, it is dedicated to expanding its social basecontinuously organizing, informing, and involving members of its chosen community in guiding and governing the CLT itself. This is not development from above, dictated by a governmental body, a charitable investor, or a benevolent provider of social housing; it is development from below, directed by those who live and work in the place a CLT has determined to serve. Ownership and empowerment go hand-in-hand.

Within the larger field of community development, these goals are routinely considered uncomfortable companions at best, and irreconcilable rivals at worst. Even within the smaller world of CLTs, there has continued to be a vigorous debate as to whether there exists an inevitable tradeoff between going to scale versus ceding control to the community served by a CLT.

That debate infuses the present monograph. A few of the volumes contributors favor one side or the other, tilting toward scale or control, but most portray the CLT as occupying a rhetorical and practical middle ground, where the models dual goals are brought into balance. They agree, in effect, with the argument made by Thaden and Pickett in the opening chapter that scale is not the enemy of community control; nor is community and resident leadership the enemy of scaling up the number of permanently affordable homes. As examples, Thaden and Pickett point to three CLTs that pay particular attention to performing this balancing act: the Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative in Boston, the City of Lakes CLT in Minneapolis, and the Houston CLT in Texas.

Subsequent chapters offer detailed portraits of other CLTs going to scale without sacrificing a commitment to community. The story of the Champlain Housing Trust (CHT), one of the worlds largest CLTs, is told by Brenda Torpy. CHT has assembled a diverse portfolio of over 3,000 units of permanently affordable housing in and around Burlington, Vermont, along with over 160,000 square feet of space in nonresidential buildings. Meanwhile, CHT has maintained a community membership of over 6,000 individuals who elect a majority of CHTs governing board.

In San Juan, Puerto Rico, another CLT has demonstrated that community control can be a basis for expanding a CLTs portfolio, not a barrier. Line Algoed, Mara E. Hernndez-Torrales, Lyvia Rodriguez Del Valle, and Karla Torres Sueiro tell the story of the Cao Martn Pea CLT, which emerged out of an intensive process of community organizing and participatory planning within seven informal settlements. The Cao CLT has succeeded in acquiring over 272 acres of land on which roughly 1,500 households had lived for decades without having security of tenure for the sites beneath their dwellings. Now their homes are protected.

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