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III McDonald - Political and Military Sociology (Political and Military Sociology Series)

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Political and Military Sociology, Volume 41 explores the social elements and impact of national defense. The origin of government is a response to a societys common interest in security and defense. In recent years, security and defense issues, and government responses, have become increasingly prominent in societies around the world. Despite intermittent pushes for privatization, however, security and defense have remained core functions of government.

In this volume Bruce D. McDonald III investigates the historiography of the defense-growth relationship. Lachezar G. Anguelov and Robert J. Eger III consider the social impact with a case study of the Republic of Serbia. Maximiliano Mendieta and Bruce D. McDonald III consider the social spillovers of the sector that arise after the completion of a soldiers service. Paul Kellogg considers why some countries have fared well when others have been slow to rebound. Hamid E. Ali studies pork barrel spending in the United States. Susan Sample, Brandon Valeriano, and Choong-Nam Kang broaden the understanding of the defense sector to include its output. Hamid E. Ali and Ubah A. Adan conclude the volume with a study on conflict and infant and child mortality rates.

Traditionally, national defense is viewed solely in military terms. As part of their national security objectives, many defense sectors have undertaken a variety of social programs. While the existence of social programs is known, what remains uncertain is how they spill over from the sector to society at-large and what is the impact of that spillover.

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P olitical and M ilitary S ociology Editors Neovi M Karakatsanis - photo 1
P olitical
and
M ilitary
S ociology
Editors
Neovi M. Karakatsanis

Indiana University South Bend
Jonathan Swarts
Purdue University North Central
Book Review Editor
Jonathan Swarts

Purdue University North Central
Board of Associate Editors
Sergei Baburkin,Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University;Amir Bar-Or,Sapir College;Robert Benford,Southern Illinois University;Hans Born,Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF);Clem Brooks,Indiana University;Michael Conniff,San Jos State University;Gebretsadkan Gebretensae,Center for Policy Research and Dialogue, Addis Ababa;Metin Heper,Bilkent University;Nila Kapor-Stanulovic,University of Novi Sad;Savvas Katsikidis,University of Cyprus;Anicia Lala,Higher Institute of International Relations (ISRI), Maputo;Dominique Maillard,University of Paris XII;David Mares,University of California, San Diego;Leonardo Morlino,University of Florence;Riefqi Muna,Indonesian Institute of Sciences (P2P-LIPI);David Pion-Berlin,University of California, Riverside;Karthika Sasikumar,San Jos State University;Robert K. Schaeffer,Kansas State University;Riaz Ahmed Shaikh,Institute of Business and Technology (BIZTEK), Karachi;Henning Srensen,Institute for Sociological Research;Marybeth Peterson Ulrich,U.S. Army War College;Laurence Whitehead,Nuffield College, University of Oxford;Jerzy Wiatr,European School of Law and Administration, Warsaw;Daniel Zirker,University of Waikato;Marian Zulean,University of Bucharest
P olitical
and
M ilitary
S ociology
The Social Implications of National Defense
A n A nnual R eview ,
V olume 4 i
Bruce D. Mc Donnald III, editor
First published 2013 by Transaction Publishers Published 2017 by Routledge 2 - photo 2
First published 2013 by Transaction Publishers
Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISSN: 0047-2697
ISBN 13: 978-1-4128-5264-7 (pbk)
Contents

Bruce D. McDonald III

Lachezar G. Anguelov and Robert J. Eger III

Maximiliano Mendieta and Bruce D. McDonald III

Paul Kellogg

Hamid E. Ali

Susan G. Sample, Brandon Valeriano, and Choong-Nam Kang

Hamid E. Ali and Ubah A. Adan
The origin of government is a response to an interest in security and defense. As individuals, we are forced to allocate our time between scavenging for food and ensuring security. But as collective groups, we are able to pool our resources for security, thereby allowing us to spend more time finding and producing the necessary food. Certainly, the role of government in society, and the types of goods and services provided by government, has expanded over the years. Despite this expansion, however, national defense has remained a core function of government.
As a core function, national defense is typically viewed as the purest form of public goods. Not only is there no means of restricting defense within the population of a nation, there are no corporations competing to provide the service. However, what is interesting is how little we truly know about the defense sector. Most researchers who study the sector either focus on its output (e.g., conflict negotiation, economic sanctions, and military strategy) or on the economic impact of its expenditures.
Between the War on Terror, the end of the Cold War, and the rise of the Arab Spring, a clear and concise understanding of the sectors role in society does hold important political and social implications. As part of their national security objectives, many defense sectors have undertaken a variety of social programs. This includes programs on community health, education, and access to technology. While the existence of social programs is known, uncertainty remains concerning how they spillover from the sector to society at-large and the impact of that spillover.
The seven articles contained within this special issue begin to fill this void in the literature by taking different approaches to understanding the social implications of the sector. In this volume the following issues are addressed:
  • Bruce D. McDonald III investigates the historiography of the defense-growth relationship, paying particular attention to what social spillovers may exist and what evidence there is in support of that spillover. Looking at areas of health, education, and human capital, the evidence in support of social spillovers is mixed. There is some evidence that the sector can crowd out funding to education and health programs and that the sectors human capital investments may provide lower returns in productivity than other forms of capital attainment. He notes, however, that evidence also exists to suggest a positive spillover in these areas.
  • Lachezar G. Anguelov and Robert J. Eger III consider the social impact with a case study of the Republic of Serbia. In 2009, the Serbian Armed Forces and Ministry of Defense began restructuring efforts. A number of issues arose as a result of these efforts, including the post-service employment of soldiers. Conducting a survey of the publication Odbrana, the authors find desires by the defense sector in Serbia to not only improve the post-service labor of soldiers but also an interest in the improvement of health and education conditions within the country.
  • Broadening the defense sector to include veterans issues, Maximiliano Mendieta and Bruce D. McDonald III consider the social spillovers of the sector that arise after the completion of a soldiers service. Although the rate of growth by the defense sector may have slowed in recent years, the rate of veterans benefits has begun to increase. This post-service focus is accomplished through a study of the spillovers of hospice care provided by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). By investing in hospice care, the VA has been able to maximize its financial efficiency and legitimize ahealth service throughoutthe United States.
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