Gordon M Friedrichs - U.S. Global Leadership Role and Domestic Polarization: A Role Theory Approach

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This book is indispensable reading for understanding the dynamics of US foreign policy in an era of polarization within American society. It is also a major contribution to the latest scholarship applying role theory to the study of foreign policy and international relations.

Stephen Walker,Arizona State University

A great contribution to the role theory literature in that it connects domestic processes of role contestation and political polarization with the ability of the United States to perform its role as global leader.

Klaus Brummer,Catholic University of Eichsttt-Ingolstadt, Germany

Scholars have been studying the causes and consequences of party polarization within American political institutions for years. U.S. Global Leadership Role and Domestic Polarization takes those learned lessons and applies them to American leadership abroad. Friedrichs provides real insight through a rich and multi-method approach. The inevitable conclusion the reader reaches from this important study is that the consequences of polarization may be even greater on the world stage than they have been in the domestic realm.

Sean Theriault,University of Texas, Austin

U.S. Global Leadership Role and Domestic Polarization

In this book Gordon M. Friedrichs offers a pioneering insight into the implications of domestic polarization for U.S. foreign policymaking and the exercise of Americas international leadership role.

Through a multi-method design and a rich dataset consisting of polarization data, congressional debates and letters, as well as co-sponsorship coalitions, Friedrichs applies role theory to analyze three polarization effects for U.S. leadership role-taking: a sorting effect, a partisan warfare, and an institutional corrosion effect. These effects are deployed in two comparative case studies: the Iran nuclear crisis and the negotiations of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. Friedrichs effectively exposes the drivers of polarization and how this extreme divergence has translated into partisan warfare as well as institutional corrosion, affecting direction and performance of the U.S. global leadership role.

Through advancing role theory beyond other studies and developing the concept of diagonal contestation as a mechanism that allows us to locate polarization within a two-level role game between agent and structure, U.S. Global Leadership Role and Domestic Polarization is a rich resource for scholars of international relations, foreign policy analysis, American government, and polarization.

Gordon M. Friedrichs is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Heidelberg Center for American Studies (Heidelberg University). His research deals predominately with U.S. foreign policy, domestic polarization and populism, and international relations theory, as well as Asia and the Asia-Pacific region.

U.S. Global Leadership Role and Domestic Polarization

A Role Theory Approach

Gordon M. Friedrichs

First published 2021

by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

and by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2021 Gordon M. Friedrichs

The right of Gordon M. Friedrichs to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this title has been requested

ISBN: 978-0-367-54483-6 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-54484-3 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-003-08947-6 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Newgen Publishing UK

For Mom and Dad.

Contents

This book would not have been possible without the love and support of a wonderful human being. For your patience and understanding, your inspiration, and your invaluable support. I will always be grateful.

Thank you, Lena, for everything.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Bipartisan Trade Promotion Authority Act (BTPA)

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)

Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (CISADA)

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)

European Union (EU)

Executive order (EO)

Fast track trade negotiating authority (TPA)

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

Free trade agreements (FTA)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)

Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Hegemonic stability theory (HST)

Highly enriched uranium (HEU)

Intellectual property rights (IPR)

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

International Labor Organization (ILO)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Investor-state dispute settlement procedures (ISDS)

Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act (IFCA)

Iran Freedom Support Act (IFSA)

Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (INARA)

Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)

Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act (TRA)

Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)

Joint Plan of Action (JPA)

Low-enriched uranium (LEU)

Most-Favored Nation (MFN)

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)

Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT)

North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Power transition theory (PTT)

Preferential trade agreements (PTA)

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAA)

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)

Rules of origin (ROO)

State-owned enterprises (SOEs)

Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA)

Trade and Investment Framework Agreements (TIFAs)

Trade Reform Accountability Development and Employment (TRADE)

Trade-Related Intellectual Property (TRIPS)

Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP)

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (TPSEP)

U.S. Trade Representative (USTR)

United Kingdom (UK)

United Nations (U.N.)

United StatesKorea Free Trade Agreement (KOR)

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

World Trade Organization (WTO)

On May 28, 2014, former President Barack Obama gave a speech to graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, in which he laid out his vision for how the United States of America and our military should lead in the years to come (The White House 2014). He described four elements of U.S. leadership: a conscious reliance on military power; a strong commitment to multilateralism; strengthening and enforcing international order through institutions and diplomacy; and the support of democracy and human rights. American leadership that leads by example derives equally from a particular self-understanding and anticipated expectations by others, because:

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