DISARMAMENT AND ARMS CONTROL
First published 1972 by Gordon and Breach Science Publishers
Published 2021 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
1972 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
ISBN 13: 978-0-677-15230-1 (hbk)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com(http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http//www.crcpress.com
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 70-184339
This volume contains the Proceedings of the Third Course given by the International Summer School on Disarmament and Arms Control of the Italian Pugwash Movement. It was held at Castello Duino (Trieste) Italy August 17-September 5, 1970. The editors are Carlo Schaerf and Frank Bamaby.
Frontispiece is an early picture of the harbour at Trieste the town where the Proceedings were held.
DOI: 10.4324/9781315025629
INTRODUCTION
The Italian Summer School on Disarmament has now become an established event in the field of disarmament and arms control. The Italian organisers have succeeded in attracting acknowledged international experts to act as lecturers and an enthusiastic bunch of students from many countries has attended each of the schools. The Proceedings are, therefore, important documents.
It is inevitable, in a volume of this nature, that the style of the papers varies somewhat and that there is a lack of smoothness between sections, since the contents of each section differs considerably from that of the others. Thus, in this volume there are papers on military nuclear technology, on the conventional arms trade, on the history of disarmament, on the nature of conflict research, and so on. But each of these topics is of great importance to the subject of disarmament as a whole and it is valuable to have all of these topics examined in a single volume.
The reader will soon realise how crucial the subject of disarmament is at the present time. Unless real progress is made towards genuine disarmament, particularly nuclear disarmament, in the near future it is doubtful if the human race will survive for many more decades. If this record of the proceedings of the Summer School helps the achievement of disarmament by informing citizens of the facts it will have served its purpose.
All opinions expressed during the formal lectures as well as during the discussions which followed are purely of a private nature and do not represent necessarily the official opinion either of the organizers of the school or of the organization to which the speakers belong.
Proofs have not been corrected by the author and consequently, errors may exist: the Editors ask for indulgence in these matters.
Frank BarnabyCarlo Schaerf
CONTENTS
C. Schaerf
H. H. the Prince Raimondo della Torre e Tasso
WELCOMING ADDRESS
A. Origone
WELCOMING ADDRESS
L. Lonza
WELCOMING ADDRESS
E. Amaldi
INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS
SECTION I: Technology of Weapons of Mass Destruction
B. Brunelli
1: THE IMPACT OP NEW TECHNOLOGY ON THE ARMS RACE
K. Tsipis
2: UNITED STATES STRATEGIC WEAPONS-OPFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE
V. Emelyanov
3: THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY TECHNOLOGY
O. Reutov
4: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS: EFFECTS OF THEIR USE AND NECESSITY FOR THEIR CONTROL
F. Barnaby
5: IMPLICATIONS OF THE SPREAD OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY, WITH PARTICULAR TO THE GAS CENTRIFUGE
SECTION II: Disarmament: History and Future Prospects
J. Moch
1: A SHORT HISTORY OF DISARMAMENT
W. Epstein
2: THE CURRENT SCENE
W. Epstein
3: PAST ACHIEVEMENTS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
K. Tsipis
4: THE FACTORS PROMOTING ARMAMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND SOME PROPOSALS FOR DISARMAMENT
V. Emelyanov
5: LENIN AND THE PROBLEM OF DISARMAMENT
SECTION III: Dynamics of the Arms Trade
W. Gutteridge
1: ARMS CONTROL AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
W. Gutteridge
2: ARMS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
M. Kaldor
3: FACTORS GOVERNING THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF MAJOR WEAPONS
J. Shire
5: ARMS DEMAND FOR DEVELOPING AFRICAN COUNTRIES
SECTION IV: European Security
J. Ben-Dak
1: EUROPEAN SECURITY: ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION
A. Cagiati
SECURITY IN EUROPE
J. Moch
THE TRUE DEFENCE OF EUROPE OF 1970
V. Emelyanov
EUROPEAN SECURITY
K. Lapter
2: SOME PROBLEMS OF THE REGIONAL ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION BETWEEN THE SOCIALIST STATES IN EUROPE
SECTION V: Gaming and Simulation Aspects of Conflicts
A. Rapoport
1: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND GAME THEORY
A. Rapoport
2: THE APPLICATION OF GAME THEORY TO PEACE RESEARCH
A. M. Chammah
3: FIVE STRATEGIES TO CREATE COOPERATION OR FOMENT COMPETITION
A. M. Chammah
4: COMMUNICATIONS OF THREAT, SHAME, PROMISE AND INTER-DEPENDENCE AND THEIR EFFECT ON COOPERATION OR COMPETITION
J. Ben-Dak
5: PEACE THINKING, PEACE RESEARCH AND THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY
SECTION VI: Concluding Statements and Summaries of Discussions
A. Rapoport
1: CAN PEACE RESEARCH BE APPLIED?
F. Calogero
INRODUCTION TO THE FINAL DISCUSSION ON THE SCHOOL
