James P. Marshall - The Mississippi Civil Rights Movement and the Kennedy Administration, 1960-1964: A History in Documents

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THE MISSISSIPPI CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT AND
THE KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION, 19601964

THE
MISSISSIPPI
CIVIL
RIGHTS
MOVEMENT
AND THE
KENNEDY
ADMINISTRATION
19601964

A HISTORY IN DOCUMENTS

JAMES P. MARSHALL

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS BATON ROUGE

Published with the assistance of the V. Ray Cardozier Fund

Published by Louisiana State University Press
Copyright 2018 by Louisiana State University Press
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing

Designer: Barbara Neely Bourgoyne
Typeface: Chaparral Pro
Printer and binder: Sheridan Books

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Marshall, James P., 1942 author.

Title: The Mississippi civil rights movement and the Kennedy administration, 19601964 : a history in documents / James P. Marshall.

Description: Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017037430 | ISBN 978-0-8071-6874-5 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 978-0-8071-6875-2 (pdf) | ISBN 978-0-8071-6876-9 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: African AmericansCivil rightsMississippiHistory20th centurySources. | Civil rights movementsMississippiHistory20th centurySources. | MississippiRace relationsHistory20th centurySources. | PresidentsUnited StatesRacial attitudesHistory20th centurySources. | Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 19171963.

Classification: LCC E185.61 .M357 2018 | DDC 323.1196/0730762dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017037430

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.

To the martyrs of the Movement who fought to win freedom from white oppression and violent suppression of their civil rights

To Julian Bond, Jim Forman, Jack Minnis, John Lewis, Jim Farmer, Marvin Rich, Mike Sayer, Mendy Samstein, Marian Wright Edelman, Oscar Chase, Mary King, Jane Stembridge, Dottie Zellner, Jan Hillegas, and all those behind the scenes who supported the civil rights workers in the field

To Bob Moses, Dave Dennis, Charlie Cobb, Ivanhoe Donaldson, Dr. Aaron Henry, Rev. Edwin King, Mrs. Vera Pigee, Amzie Moore, Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer, E. W. Steptoe, Dewey Greene Sr., Cleveland Jordan, Unita Blackwell, Mrs. Victoria Gray, Mrs. Annie Devine, Hartman Turnbow, Ozell Mitchell, Annelle Ponder, Mrs. Hazel Palmer, Mrs. Laura McGhee, Bob Zellner, Hollis Watkins, Curtis Muhammad Hayes, Dorie and Joyce Ladner, June Johnson, and all the local leaders and young Mississippi activists who fought the good fight

To Herbert Lee, Louis Allen, Medgar Evers, Vernon Dahmer, Clyde Kennard, Michael Schwerner, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and all the Mississippi martyrs who gave their lives to build the Movement

To Staughton Lynd, Howard Zinn, Constance Curry, the W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute at the Hutchins Center, and John Thornton and Linda Heywood of African American Studies at Boston University, who mentored me on my journey

To the staff at the National Archives and Records Administration at the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library at Columbia Point, Boston, whose help was outstanding

To all my family, who have never stopped supporting me in my efforts to reveal the truth hidden behind the scenes, and to my parents who raised my sister and me to fight for Tikkun Olam and to Let Justice Be Done

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

ACLU	American Civil Liberties Union
ADA	Americans for Democratic Action
AFL	American Federation of Labor
AGGC	Attorney General General Correspondence
APWR	Americans for the Preservation of the White Race
BM	Burke Marshall
BMPP	Burke Marshall Personal Papers
CDGM	Child Development Group of Mississippi
CLAS	Lawyers Guild Committee for Legal Aid to the South
COFO	Council of Federated Organizations
CORE	Congress of Racial Equality
CORR	Commission on Religion and Race of the NCC
CRD	Civil Rights Division of the DOJ
DOJ	Department of Justice
DM	Delta Ministry
FBI	Federal Bureau of Investigation
FCC	Federal Communications Commission
The Guild	National Lawyers Guild
HEW	U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
ICC	Interstate Commerce Commission
Inc Fund	NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.
JFKOH	John F. Kennedy Oral History Collection
JFKPOF	John F. Kennedy Presidential Papers. Presidents Office Files
JFKWHCSF	John F. Kennedy Presidential Papers. White House Central Subject Files
JFKWHSFHHW	Henry Hall Wilson. White House Staff Files
JFKWHSFLCW	Lee C. White. White House Staff Files
JFKWHSFLOB	Larry F. OBrien White House Staff Files
LCDC	Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee
LCCRUL	Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under Law
LSCRRC	Law Students Civil Rights Research Council
MCHR	Medical Committee for Human Rights
MFDP	Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NKPP	Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Personal Papers
NCC	National Council of Churches
NSA	U.S. National Student Association (also USNSA)
NSM	Northern Student Movement
OEO	Office of Economic Opportunity
RCNL	Regional Council of Negro Leadership
RFKAG	Robert F. Kennedy Attorney General Papers
RFKOH	Robert F. Kennedy Oral History Collection
SCEF	Southern Conference Educational Fund
SCLC	Southern Christian Leadership Conference
SDS	Students for a Democratic Society
SNCC	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SRC	Southern Regional Council, Inc.
SSOC	Southern Student Organizing Committee
UAW	United Automobile Workers of America
VEP	Voter Education Project of the SRC
WKKKK	White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

INTRODUCTION

This annotated document reader is a selection of interviews I conducted in the South and Washington, D.C.; New York; Boston; and New Haven, Connecticut, in 196566, along with documents I collected from 1960 to 1964 in the South and 1963 to 1966 in New York, and documents from the Kennedy administration that I examined at the John F. Kennedy LibraryNational Archives from 2014 to 2015. During the initial period, I was a student and a civil rights activist in the South and in New York City. My past activism in the civil rights movement in the 1960s enabled me to gain the trust of and meet and interview many individuals who might not otherwise have been available. This access also influenced the questions I have asked as an academic historian. My continuing civil rights activism has also influenced my research as an independent research professional.

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