A S Bhalla - Asias Trouble Spots: The Leadership Question in Conflict Resolution

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Asias Trouble Spots

Also by A. S. Bhalla

BLENDING OF NEW AND TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGIES (CO-EDITOR)

BUDDHIST ART IN ASIA

ECONOMIC TRANSITION IN HUNAN AND SOUTHERN CHINA

ENVIRONMENT, EMPLOYMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (EDITOR) (ALSO IN PORTUGUESE)

FACING THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE

GLIMPSES OF MEDIEVAL SWITZERLAND

GLOBALIZATION, GROWTH AND MARGINALIZATION (EDITOR) (ALSO IN FRENCH)

IMPERIAL INDIA: A PICTORIAL HISTORY

IN SEARCH OF ROOTS

MARKET OR GOVERNMENT FAILURES? AN ASIAN PERSPECTIVE

MONUMENTS, POWER AND POVERTY IN INDIA: FROM ASHOKA TO THE RAJ

NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND DEVELOPMENT (CO-EDITOR)

POVERTY AMONG IMMIGRANT CHILDREN IN EUROPE (CO-AUTHOR)

POVERTY AND EXCLUSION IN A GLOBAL WORLD (CO-AUTHOR) (ALSO IN JAPANESE)

POVERTY AND EXCLUSION OF MINORITIES IN CHINA AND INDIA (CO-AUTHOR)

POVERTY AND INEQUALITY AMONG CHINESE MINORITIES (CO-AUTHOR)

REGIONAL BLOCS: BUILDING BLOCKS OR STUMBLING BLOCKS (CO-AUTHOR)

ROYAL TOMBS OF INDIA

SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPIRSES: TECHNOLOGY POLICIES AND OPTIONS (EDITOR)

SWITZERLAND THEN AND NOW

TECHNOLOGY AND EMPLOYMENT IN INDUSTRY (EDITOR) (ALSO IN SPANISH)

TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORATION OF RURAL INDIA (CO-EDITOR)

THE EMPLOYMENT IMPACT OF CHINAS WTO ACCESSION (CO-AUTHOR)

TOWARDS GLOBAL ACTION FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY (EDITOR)

UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT IN THE THIRD WORLD: A STUDY OF CHINA AND INDIA

The central misconception is the notion that strong leaders who dominate their colleagues are the most successful and admirable. While some leaders who come into that category emerge more positively than negatively, in general huge power amassed by an individual leader paves the way for important errors at best and disaster and massive bloodshed at worst.

(Archie Brown, Emeritus Professor of Politics at Oxford University, in The Myth of the Strong Leader, 2014)

Leadership involves power, but not all power relationships are instances of leadership. In practice, effective leadership requires a mixture of soft and hard power skills that I call smart power. The proportions differ with contexts.

(Joseph S, Nye, Jr., University Distinguished Service Professor, Harvard University, and former Member of the US Foreign Affairs Policy Board, in The Powers to Lead, 2008)

It is possible to hope that over the longer term we will hear less talk of primacy and dominance, and see more focus on policies that reflect the reality that it will only be through cooperation and collaboration that we can ensure that the twenty-first century will not, like the last, become a vale of tears.

(Gareth Evans, Australian Foreign Minister, 19881996, and Director-General, International Crisis Group, 20002009, in Incorrigible Optimist, 2017)

Three times in two generations, the United States abandoned wars midstream as inadequately transformative or as misconceivedin Vietnam as a result of Congressional decisions, in Iraq and Afghanistan by choice of the President critics will ascribe these setbacks to the deficiencies, moral and intellectual, of Americas leaders. Historians will probably conclude that they derived from the inability to resolve an ambivalence about force and diplomacy, realism and idealism, power and legitimacy, cutting across the entire society.

(Henry Kissinger, US Secretary of State, 19731977, in World Order, 2014)

To take a stand, to be passionate ira et stadium is the politicians element, and above all the element of the political leader . The honour of the political leader, of the leading statesman lies precisely in an exclusive personal responsibility for what he does, a responsibility he cannot or must not reject or transfer.

(Max Weber, in Politics as a Vocation, originally a speech at Munich University, 1918, published in 1919 by Duncker and Humblodt, Munich)

Asias Trouble Spots

The Leadership Question in Conflict Resolution

A. S. Bhalla

Published by Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd.

6 Tinworth Street, London, SE11 5AL, UK

www.rowmaninternational.com

Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd. is an affiliate of Rowman & Littlefield

4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706, USA

With additional offices in Boulder, New York, Toronto (Canada), and Plymouth (UK)

www.rowman.com

Copyright A. S. Bhalla, 2019

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN:HB 978-1-78660-836-9

PB 978-1-78660-835-2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available

ISBN:9781786608369 (cloth : alk. paper)

ISBN:9781786608352 (paper : alk. paper)

ISBN:9781786608376 (electronic)

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.481992.

Contents

Tables and Figure

Tables

Introduction

Chapter 4

Chapter 6

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Figure

Preface

Asia has its good share of trouble spots. But the region is not alone; from Africa to Europe and from there to North and South America, conflicts have grown during the past decades with little chance of solution in the foreseeable future. Most trouble spots in Asia, from South Asia to South-East Asia and East Asia, centre on minority communities, especially Muslims. With the exception of Tibetans in China and Tamils in Sri Lanka, in the majority of cases Xinjiang in China, Kashmir in India, Mindanao in the Philippines, Rakhine (or Arakan) province in Myanmar (Burma) and southern Thailand Muslim minorities are involved in violent riots and suffer from discrimination and marginalization. Yet, in many of these countries, they were at one time rulers who enjoyed absolute power and enormous wealth.

Much of the existing literature fails to adequately answer the question as to why ethnic conflicts have remained unresolved for decades. Many factors are often cited as the root causes of the conflicts: low state capacity, poor governance, ethno-nationalism, religious intolerance, poverty and marginalization of minority groups and colonial heritage. We argue that conflicts have remained unresolved for so long for a lack of political commitment and farsightedness of leadership not only in the countries affected but also in the developed world and the international community which have often failed to intervene and mediate. In cases in which they have, absence of neutral power brokers has been one of the major reasons for failures.

The leadership question has remained underexplored in the existing literature. While there is plenty of literature on political leadership, much of it is biased in favour of the West. The literature on leadership in developing countries is more in the nature of biographies than an evaluation of leaders record, limitations and capacity to resolve protracted conflicts.

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