Paula Sutter Fichtner - Historical Dictionary of Austria
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The second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Austria has been thoroughly updated and greatly expanded. Through its chronology, introductory essay, appendix, bibliography, and hundreds of cross-referenced dictionary entries, greater attention has been given to foreign affairs, economic institutions and policies, social issues, religion, and politics.
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HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF EUROPE
Jon Woronoff, Series Editor
1. Portugal, by Douglas L. Wheeler. 1993. Out of print. See no. 40.
2. Turkey, by Metin Heper. 1994. Out of print. See no. 38.
3. Poland, by George Sanford and Adriana Gozdecka-Sanford. 1994. Out of print. See no. 41.
4. Germany, by Wayne C. Thompson, Susan L. Thompson, and Juliet S. Thompson. 1994.
5. Greece, by Thanos M. Veremis and Mark Dragoumis. 1995.
6. Cyprus, by Stavros Panteli. 1995. Out of print. See no. 69.
7. Sweden, by Irene Scobbie. 1995. Out of print. See no. 48.
8. Finland, by George Maude. 1995. Out of print. See no. 49.
9. Croatia, by Robert Stallaerts and Jeannine Laurens. 1995. Out of print. See no. 39.
10. Malta, by Warren G. Berg. 1995.
11. Spain, by Angel Smith. 1996. Out of print. See no. 65.
12. Albania, by Raymond Hutchings. 1996. Out of print. See no. 42.
13. Slovenia, by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj and Carole Rogel. 1996. Out of print. See no. 56.
14. Luxembourg, by Harry C. Barteau. 1996.
15. Romania, by Kurt W. Treptow and Marcel Popa. 1996.
16. Bulgaria, by Raymond Detrez. 1997. Out of print. See no. 46.
17. United Kingdom: Volume 1, England and the United Kingdom; Volume 2, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, by Kenneth J. Panton and Keith A. Cowlard. 1997, 1998.
18. Hungary, by Steven Bla Vrdy. 1997.
19. Latvia, by Andrejs Plakans. 1997.
20. Ireland, by Colin Thomas and Avril Thomas. 1997.
21. Lithuania, by Saulius Suziedelis. 1997.
22. Macedonia, by Valentina Georgieva and Sasha Konechni. 1998. Out of print. See no. 68.
23. The Czech State, by Jiri Hochman. 1998.
24. Iceland, by Gumunder Hlfdanarson. 1997. Out of print. See no. 66.
25. Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Ante Cuvalo. 1997. Out of print. See no. 57.
26. Russia, by Boris Raymond and Paul Duffy. 1998.
27. Gypsies (Romanies), by Donald Kenrick. 1998. Out of print.
28. Belarus, by Jan Zaprudnik. 1998.
29. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, by Zeljan Suster. 1999.
30. France, by Gino Raymond. 1998. Out of print. See no. 64.
31. Slovakia, by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. 1998. Out of print. See no. 47.
32. Netherlands, by Arend H. Huussen Jr. 1998. Out of print. See no. 55.
33. Denmark, by Alastair H. Thomas and Stewart P. Oakley. 1998. Out of print. See no. 63.
34. Modern Italy, by Mark F. Gilbert and K. Robert Nilsson. 1998. Out of print. See no. 58.
35. Belgium, by Robert Stallaerts. 1999.
36. Austria, by Paula Sutter Fichtner. 1999. Out of print. See no. 70.
37. Republic of Moldova, by Andrei Brezianu. 2000. Out of print. See no. 52.
38. Turkey, 2nd edition, by Metin Heper. 2002. Out of print. See no. 67.
39. Republic of Croatia, 2nd edition, by Robert Stallaerts. 2003.
40. Portugal, 2nd edition, by Douglas L. Wheeler. 2002.
41. Poland, 2nd edition, by George Sanford. 2003.
42. Albania, New edition, by Robert Elsie. 2004.
43. Estonia, by Toivo Miljan. 2004.
44. Kosova, by Robert Elsie. 2004.
45. Ukraine, by Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, and Myroslav Yurkevich. 2005.
46. Bulgaria, 2nd edition, by Raymond Detrez. 2006.
47. Slovakia, 2nd edition, by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. 2006.
48. Sweden, 2nd edition, by Irene Scobbie. 2006.
49. Finland, 2nd edition, by George Maude. 2007.
50. Georgia, by Alexander Mikaberidze. 2007.
51. Belgium, 2nd edition, by Robert Stallaerts. 2007.
52. Moldova, 2nd edition, by Andrei Brezianu and Vlad Spnu. 2007.
53. Switzerland, by Leo Schelbert. 2007.
54. Contemporary Germany, by Derek Lewis with Ulrike Zitzlsperger. 2007.
55. Netherlands, 2nd edition, by Joop W. Koopmans and Arend H. Huussen Jr. 2007.
56. Slovenia, 2nd edition, by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj and Carole Rogel. 2007.
57. Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2nd edition, by Ante uvalo. 2007.
58. Modern Italy, 2nd edition, by Mark F. Gilbert and K. Robert Nilsson. 2007.
59. Belarus, 2nd edition, by Vitali Silitski and Jan Zaprudnik. 2007.
60. Latvia, 2nd edition, by Andrejs Plakans. 2008.
61. Contemporary United Kingdom, by Kenneth J. Panton and Keith A. Cowlard. 2008.
62. Norway, by Jan Sjvik. 2008.
63. Denmark, 2nd edition, by Alastair H. Thomas. 2009.
64. France, 2nd edition, by Gino Raymond. 2008.
65. Spain, 2nd edition, by Angel Smith. 2008.
66. Iceland, 2nd edition, by Gumunder Hlfdanarson. 2009.
67. Turkey, 3rd edition, by Metin Heper and Nur Bilge Criss. 2009.
68. Republic of Macedonia, by Dimitar Bechev. 2009.
69. Cyprus, by Farid Mirbagheri. 2009.
70. Austria, 2nd edition, by Paula Sutter Fichtner, 2009.
Austria
Second Edition
Paula Sutter Fichtner
Historical Dictionaries of Europe, No. 70
SCARECROW PRESS, INC.
Published in the United States of America
by Scarecrow Press, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of
The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.scarecrowpress.com
Estover Road
Plymouth PL6 7PY
United Kingdom
Copyright 2009 by Paula Sutter Fichtner
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fichtner, Paula S.
Historical dictionary of Austria / Paula Sutter Fichtner. 2nd ed.
p. cm. (Historical dictionaries of Europe ; no. 70)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8108-5592-2 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8108-6310-1
(ebook)
1. AustriaHistoryDictionaries. I. Title.
DB35.F53 2009 | 2009000242 |
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
For EGF, gratefully
Jon Woronoff
Even in the often-confusing patchwork of European states, few are as difficult to define as Austria. It began as a loose cluster of lands dominated by petty territorial overlords, then expanded into a massive empire whose rulers were among Europes most powerful. Its contraction in the 20th century was no less dramatic. Deprived of even some of its core lands, Austria ended up as a minor state. Its political personality has also varied considerably. Once ruled by emperors, it had to make do with prime ministers, until it was forcibly connected with the Third Reich under the Nazi dictatorship. Finally independent again, it has grown into a more mature democracy with a reasonably strong economy. Today it is an active part of the European Union. Despite this, Austria remains in some ways special, with a cultural impact that spreads far beyond its borders.
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