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Sandra C. Taylor - Jewel of the desert: Japanese American internment at Topaz

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In the spring of 1942, under the guise of military necessity, the U.S. government evacuated 110,000 Japanese Americans from their homes on the West Coast. About 7,000 people from the San Francisco Bay Area--the vast majority of whom were American citizens--were moved to an assembly center at Tanforan Racetrack and then to a concentration camp in Topaz, Utah. Dubbed the jewel of the desert, the camp remained in operation until October 1945. This compelling book tells the history of Japanese Americans of San Francisco and the Bay Area, and of their experiences of relocation and internment.Sandra C. Taylor first examines the lives of the Japanese Americans who settled in and around San Francisco near the end of the nineteenth century. As their numbers grew, so, too, did their sense of community. They were a people bound together not only by common values, history, and institutions, but also by their shared status as outsiders. Taylor looks particularly at how Japanese Americans kept their sense of community and self-worth alive in spite of the upheavals of internment.The author draws on interviews with fifty former Topaz residents, and on the archives of the War Relocation Authority and newspaper reports, to show how relocation and its aftermath shaped the lives of these Japanese Americans. Written at a time when the United States once again regards Japan as a threat, Taylors study testifies to the ongoing effects of prejudice toward Americans whose face is also the face of the enemy.

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Page iii
Jewel of the Desert
Japanese American Internment at Topaz
Sandra C. Taylor
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY LOS ANGELES OXFORD
Page iv
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd.
Oxford, England
1993 by
The Regents of the University of California
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Taylor, Sandra C.
Jewel of the desert: Japanese American internment at
Topaz / Sandra C. Taylor.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-520-08004-1
1. Japanese AmericansEvacuation and relocation,
1942-1945. 2. Central Utah Relocation Center.
3. Tanforan Assembly Center (San Bruno, Calif.) 4. World
War, 1939-1945CaliforniaSan Francisco Bay Area.
5. Japanese AmericansCaliforniaSan Francisco Bay
AreaHistory. 6. San Francisco Bay Area (Calif.)
History. I. Title.
D769-8.A6T39 1993
979.4'61004956dc20 92-27669
Printed m the United States of America
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Picture 2
Page v
To the brave people of Topaz
Page vii
Contents
List of Illustrations
ix
Preface
xi
1. Japanese San Francisco
1
2. From Pearl Harbor to Evacuation
42
3. Life in a Racetrack
62
4. Welcome to Utah
89
5. The Jewel of the Desert
119
6. Dissension, Departure, and Grim Determination
165
7. An End and a Beginning
201
8. Nikkei Lives: The Impact of Internment
227
9. Coming Home, Wherever That Is
265
List of Abbreviations
287
Notes
289
Bibliography
327
Index
335

Page ix
Illustrations
Photographs follow page 164
Maps
1. Prewar San Francisco and the Bay Area
3
2. Japanese Towns of San Francisco
33
3. Assembly Centers and Relocation Camps
59
4. The Central Utah Relocation Camp (Topaz)
93

Figure
The Tree of Topaz
159

Page xi
Preface
On October 9, 1990, Attorney General Richard Thornburgh distributed checks for $20,000 and letters of apology signed by President George Bush to the nine oldest living Japanese Americans who had been interned in concentration camps during World War II. The ceremony was picturesque: Thornburgh knelt as he presented the checks to the six Issei, all over one hundred years old, who were well enough to receive them in person. It was a dramatic end to the official history of relocation, a story that began with the evacuation of 110,000 Japanese Americans from the West Coast in the spring of 1942. Yet the memory of the experience has not been erased for those whose lives were affected directly, and relocation continues to have a strong meaning for many third- and fourth-generation Japanese Americans, as a continuing reminder of what it has meant to be a member of a minority group in America. By 1991 interest in relocation had grown slightly because of the redress movement, but the general public was not necessarily better informed about it. Although the travails of Japanese Americans became the subject matter for a romanticized Hollywood film, Come See the Paradise, this fictionalized account did not enlighten but rather perpetuated a vague image based on stereotypes and some factual errors. Certainly it did not suggest that the need for research had ended.
The United States' war in the Persian Gulf gave new meaning to the entire concept of evacuating and resettling "potential" internal enemies. Japanese Americans suffered because they had the faces,
Page xii
but not the minds, of the enemy. In 1991 Arab Americans found themselves in a similar dangerous situation. Although they came from many national groups, they were easily lumped together and identified with the Iraqi enemy, and the fragile tolerance that Caucasian America has always held for its inhabitants who do not share the ethnicity, religions, or culture of the white majority began to be replaced by the hatreds that war fever produces. Fortunately, the Gulf conflict was brief enough that this minority group was not persecuted by the federal government, although individuals did suffer discrimination and acts of hostility as a result of their appearance and customs. Even though, in the case of Japanese Americans, the paying of redress suggests that at least one generation of politicians was willing to admit the existence of injustice and make a token gesture toward restitution, a newly victimized group might find that public officials quickly forget the past in their desire to pander to popular demands and hysteria.
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