David Bennett - A Few Lawless Vagabonds: Ethan Allen, the Republic of Vermont, and the American Revolution
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A Few Lawless Vagabondsis an account of the three-way relationship between Ethan Allen, the Republic of Vermont (17771791) and the British in Canada during the American Revolution, a work of political and military history. Ethan Allen was a prime mover in the establishment of the Republic (though he was a captive of the British, 17751778), then led the fight to maintain its independence from the predatory states of New Hampshire, New York and Massachusetts; from the American Continental Congress; and from British attacks on the new state. In order to defend Vermonts independence, Ethan Allen engaged in secret, unlawful negotiations with the British in Canada, aimed at turning Vermont into a separate Government under the Crown. The attempts of the Allen family to maintain Vermonts independence from its neighbors were successful: Vermont became the 14th State in 1791. A Few Lawless Vagabonds is the first systematic attempt, using archival sources, to show that the Allens were utterly serious in their aim to turn Vermont into a Crown colony, a project which came close to success late in 1781. The Ethan Allen that emerges is not as a warrior hero of the American Revolution but as a successful Vermont nationalist who is justly celebrated as the principal founder of the State of Vermont, a rare combination of patriot and betrayer of the public trust. The British leaders who were Ethans opposite numbers emerge in turn as thoroughly capable military officers and diplomatic negotiators: Sir Henry Clinton, Sir Guy Carleton and Sir Frederick Haldimand.
David Bennett: author's other books
Who wrote A Few Lawless Vagabonds: Ethan Allen, the Republic of Vermont, and the American Revolution? Find out the surname, the name of the author of the book and a list of all author's works by series.
Britannica Educational Publishing
Ethan Allen
Bill McKibben
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Published in the United States of America and Great Britain in 2014 by
CASEMATE PUBLISHERS
908 Darby Road, Havertown, PA 19083
and
10 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford, OX1 2EW
CASEMATE PUBLISHERS
908 Darby Road, Havertown, PA 19083
and
10 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford, OX1 2EW
Copyright 2014 David Bennett
ISBN 978-1-61200-240-8
Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-241-5
Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-241-5
Cataloging-in-publication data is available from the Library of Congress and the British Library.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.
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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
T HE AUTHOR RECEIVED GENERAL and helpful advice on this book from Mark A. Stoler and Tony Whedon. John J. Duffy made a great number of suggestions for the text, both critical and constructive, and read extensive passages, particularly those on the Eastern and Western Unions and the Haldimand Negotiations. Without John Duffys great help, willingly given and often unsolicited, this would have been a much poorer book.
Amani Whitfield and Frank Luce read and criticized the passages on Slavery and the Vermont Constitution. From Amani Whitfield I learned that the history of slavery in Vermont after the Constitution of 1777 was a far more complex matter than I had ever imagined, something which he pointed out to me with great courtesy. From Frank Luce, I learned that the phasing out of slavery in Upper Canada was less of a progressive matter than has been estimated and is, no doubt, why it has not been trumpeted by Loyalist historians.
I have to thank the archivists of Special Collections, University of Vermont, the Vermont State Archives, the William L. Clements Library and Library and Archives Canada for their great help in tracking down primary sources. For help in preparing the manuscript for publication, I am indebted to Nicole Adani, John Bennett and Susan Hall
It is fitting that much of the research for this book was done in the library of Carleton University, Ottawa and much of it written in Montgomery, Vermont, almost within sight of Hazens Notch. Lieutenant-General Sir Guy Carleton and Major General Richard Montgomery are among the outstanding characters of this book and I could think about the project while walking the right of Ira Allen in the town of Montgomery. Passing regularly through the Notch and by the monument commemorating the furthest point of the Bayley-Hazen Road, reached in 1779, was a reminder that we live in the midst of a history which, in the minds of the advocates of the Second Republic among others, is still with us today.
A NOTE ON SOURCES
T HE PRIME SOURCES FOR this book are the copies of original documents in the archives of the Univer- sity of Vermont (UVM), the State Archives of Ver-
mont (VSA), Library and Archives Canada (LAC) and the William L. Clements Library (WLC) at Ann Arbor, Michigan. A limited number of documents were also used, from the Connecticut State Archives (CSA), the Connecticut Historical Society (CHS), and the State Papers of New Hamp- shire. The author has made extensive use of collections of documents such as the Vermont Historical Society (VHS) Collections, the Documentary History of the State of New York; Peter Forces American Archives; the Henry Stevens Papers and Collection in the VSA, the Records of the Council of Safety and Governor and Council of the State of Vermont; the Vermont State Papers, including the Journals and Proceedings of the General Assembly of Vermont, and Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada, 17591783; also the extremely valuable collections of the writings of the Allens by John J. Duffy et al., and Kevin J. Graffagnino.
Some of the documents in the Haldimand Papers (the B Series, LAC) also appear in the Henry Stevens Papers (VSA) but the selection is very limited and there are some notable omissions. Justus Sherwoods Journal of his meetings with Ethan Allen in October, 1780 is omitted, only to be drawn to the attention of Vermont historians such as Henry Steele Wardner in the 1920s. Stevens did include Sherwoods Journal of his meetings with Ira Allen in May, 1781. He did not, however, identify the Journal as such, suggesting that he did not realize what a crucial document he had come upon.
Up to the present, systematic study of the Haldimand Papers has been rare. After Canada acquired copies of the Haldimand Papers in the British Museum, James Benjamin Wilbur, the biographer of Ira Allen (1928) made extensive but not exhaustive use of the documentary sources in a way that Henry Stevens had not been able to do. Prior to the time of Wilbur and Wardner, there had been nearly a century and a half of interpretation, attempting to exonerate the Allens from collusion with the British, not least by the editors of the VHS Collections. Faced with the sudden weight of evidence to the contrary, Wilbur remained cautiously agnostic about how serious the Allens were in forming a separate government under the Crown, observing that Vermont, outside the United States, had every right to take whatever action that was needed to save the Republic; that Ira Allens negotiations in 1781 enabled Washington to move his army south to defeat Cornwallis; and that the negotiations with the British were crucial in establishing the independence of Vermont.
For Ethan Allens life to 1770, and for his retirement from politics, 1784 to his death in 1789, only secondary sources have been cited, of which the most useful were the works of Pell, Jellison and Bellesiles listed in the Bibliography.
INTRODUCTION
A Few Lawless Vagabonds is a study of the three-way relationship between Ethan Allen, the Republic of Vermont (17771791) and the British province of Quebec, also known as Canada. On these three interconnected tracks, the story is taken from the early days of the New Hampshire Grants (later Vermont) in the 1750s; the career of Ethan Allen starting with his political involvement over the legitimacy of New Hampshires land grants in 1770; and the role of the British in Quebec and New York from the outbreak of the Revolutionary War in 1775 to its conclusion in 1783. The high point of this three-way relationship consisted of a sincere attempt (it is argued) on the part of Ethan Allen and his family to bring the Republic of Vermont back into the British Empire as a separate Government under the Crown through the Haldimand Negotiations of 17801783. This attempt has not been exhaustively studied, either from the point of view of the Allen family or of the British in London, New York and Quebec.
After a biographical sketch of Ethan Allens early life, the book launches into the controversy over the New Hampshire Grants, which led to the establishment of the Republic and which, through Vermonts relations with the British, as well as the province of New York, lasted until after the conclusion of the Revolutionary War. This controversy had two related aspects: whether it was New York or New Hampshire that had political jurisdiction over the Grants and whether the land titles granted by New Hampshire were still valid in view of the land patents later issued by New York. The key issue was whether the Kings Order in Council of 1764, awarding jurisdiction to New York in preference to New Hampshire, was by implication backdated so as invalidate the New Hampshire titles. The struggles of the Green Mountain Boys, led by Ethan Allen, on behalf of settlers under New Hampshire titles resulted in Vermonts Declaration of Independencefrom New Yorkearly in 1777 and thence to the establishment of the Republic later in the same year.
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