Matthew Frear - Belarus under Lukashenka: Adaptive Authoritarianism

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Belarus under Lukashenka

This book explores the nature of the regime of Aliaksandr Lukashenka, who has ruled Belarus since 1994, and who is often characterized as the last dictator in Europe. It discusses how Lukashenka came to power, providing a survey of politics in Belarus in early post-Soviet times, examines how power became personalized under his regime, and considers how he coerced opponents, whilst maintaining good popular support. The book discusses all aspects of politics, including presidential power, the ruling elites, elections, the opposition, and civil society. The author characterizes Lukashenkas rule as adaptive authoritarianism, and demonstrates how the regimes avoidance of any ideology, even nationalism, permits great freedom of manoeuvre, enabling pragmatic adaptation to changing circumstances.

Matthew Frear is Assistant Professor of Russian and Eurasian Politics at Leiden University, The Netherlands.

BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies

For a full list of available titles please visit: https://www.routledge.com/BASEESRoutledge-Series-on-Russian-and-East-European-Studies/book-series/BASEES

Series editors:

sociology and anthropology: Judith Pallot (President of BASEES and Chair), University of Oxford

economics and business: Richard Connolly, University of Birmingham media and cultural studies: Birgit Beumers, University of Aberystwyt politics and international relations: Andrew Wilson, School of Slavonic and

East European Studies, University College London

history: Matt Rendle, University of Exeter

This series is published on behalf of BASEES (the British Association for Slavonic and East European Studies). The series comprises original, high-quality, research-level work by both new and established scholars on all aspects of Russian, Soviet, post-Soviet and East European Studies in humanities and social science subjects.

Politicising the Communist Past

The Politics of Truth Revelation in Post-Communist Poland

Aleks Szczerbiak

Inside the East European Planned Economy

State Planning, Factory and Manager

Voicu Ion Sucal

Ideology and Social Protests in Eastern Europe

Beyond the Transitions Liberal Consensus

Veronkia Stoyanova

Belarus under Lukashenka

Adaptive Authoritarianism

Matthew Frear

Class Cultures in Post-Socialist Eastern Europe

Draen Cepi

Belarus under Lukashenka

Adaptive Authoritarianism

Matthew Frear

First published 2019

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2019 Matthew Frear

The right of Matthew Frear to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Names: Frear, Matthew, author.

Title: Belarus under Lukashenka : adaptive authoritarianism / Matthew Frear.

Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: BASSES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies ; 124 | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2018019875| ISBN 9780415855273 (hardback) | ISBN 9780203737910 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: BelarusPolitics and government1991- | Lukashenko, Aleksandr, 1954- | AuthoritarianismBelarus.

Classification: LCC DK507.817 .F74 2019 | DDC 947.8086dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018019875

ISBN: 978-0-415-85527-3 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-203-73791-0 (ebk)

This book adapts and further develops research originally carried out thanks to funding provided by the Centre for East European Language-Based Area Studies (award no. PTA-580-2006-0029). I am heavily indebted to my two academic supervisors Dr Kataryna Wolczuk and Dr David White at the Centre for Russian and East European Studies in Birmingham for their invaluable guidance and advice during my doctoral studies at that time.

I am grateful to the many people in Belarus who have been kind enough to give me their time and share their insights over the last decade since I went to Minsk for the first time. Their hospitality during my many visits has always made me feel welcome in their country.

Finally, I would like to thank all the people who supported me in completing this book, especially friends and colleagues at the University of Birmingham and Leiden University. Most importantly, none of this would have been possible without the love and encouragement of my family.

BAP	Belarusian Agrarian Party
BARC	Belarusian Association of Resource Centres
BCDTU	Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions
BIB	Belarusian Independence Bloc
BLP	Belarusian Left Party Just World
BPF	Belarusian Popular Front
BPG	Belarusian Party The Greens
BPL	Belarusian Party of Labour
BPP	Belarusian Patriotic Party
BPR	Belarusian Peoples Republic
BPW	Belarusian Party of Workers
BRI	Belt and Road Initiative
BRYU	Belarusian Republican Youth Union
BSDH	Belarusian Social Democratic Hramada
BSDP(H)	Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Hramada)
BSDP(PA)	Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Peoples Assembly)
BSSR	Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic
CCDF	Coordinating Council of Democratic Forces
CCP-BPF	Conservative-Christian Party Belarusian Popular Front
CEC	Central Election Commission
CIS	Commonwealth of Independent States
CPB	Communist Party of Belarus
CPI	Consumer Price Index
CU	Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia
EAEU	Eurasian Economic Union
EaP	Eastern Partnership
ENP	European Neighbourhood Policy
EU	European Union
FDI	Foreign Direct Investment

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