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David R. Marples - Belarus : A Denationalized Nation

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David R. Marples Belarus : A Denationalized Nation
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In any assessment and understanding of Belarus, the key questions to address include; why has Belarus apparently rejected independence under its first president Alyaksandr Lukashenka, and sought a union with Russia? Why has the government rejected democracy, infringed on the human rights of its citizens and fundamentally altered its constitution in favour of presidential authority? Has the country made any progress toward market reforms? How have Russia and the West responded to the actions of Belarus? And what is the future likely to hold for its ten million citizens? The authors conclusions are optimistic. Belarus, he believes, will survive into the twenty-first century, but as a Eurasian rather than a European state.1st edition was published by Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999.

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Belarus
Postcommunist States and Nations
Books in the series

Belarus: a denationalized nation
David R. Marples

Armenia: at the crossroads
Joseph R. Masih and Robert O. Krikorian

Poland: the conquest of history
George Sanford

Kyrgyzstan: central asias island of democracy?
John Anderson

First published in 1999 by Harwood Academic Publishers

This edition published 2012 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1999 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of The Gordon and Breach Publishing Group.

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Marples, David R.

Belarus: a denationalized nation. (Postcommunist states & nations; v. 1)

1. Belarus History 2. Belarus Economic conditions 3. Belarus Politics and government 4. Belarus Foreign relations Russia (Federation) 5. Russia (Federation) Foreign relations Belarus

I. Title

947.8086

ISBN 90-5702-342-3 (hardcover) ISBN 9789057023439 (Soft Cover)
ISSN 1028-043X

FOR YULIA SHIMKO

Table of Contents
Polatsk region is mentioned for the first time in the Primary Chronicle.
Kievan Rus ruler Volodymyr accepts Christianity.
1263Belarusian lands are incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1385Lithuania and Poland are united through marital ties of their rulers.
1529Code of Laws of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania approved.
1569Formation of a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1596A Uniate (Greek Catholic Church) is founded in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the Council of Brest.
17721795Three Partitions of Poland between Austria, Russia and Prussia; all Belarusian territories are incorporated into the Russian Empire.
18631864Polish rebellion against the Russian Empire with the participation of the Belarusian Kastus Kalinouski.
1914Outbreak of World War I.
1917Revolutions in Russia.
1918Declaration of independence by the Belarusian Rada.
1919A Soviet regime is declared in Belarus.
1 February 18 July 1919Existence of a Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet regime.
1919March 1921Polish-Soviet war.
18 March 1921Treaty of Riga ends Polish-Soviet war. Western Belarus is incorporated into Poland.
30 December 1922Belarus becomes a member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
11 April 1927A new Constitution is established for the BSSR.
19291932Mass collectivization campaign in the BSSR.
19371941Period of Stalin purges. Executions by the NKVD at Kurapaty, near Minsk.
17 September 1939Soviet army invades Polish eastern territories.
October December 1939Formal incorporation of Western Belarus into the Soviet Union as part of the BSSR.
22 June 1941Nazi Germany invades the Soviet Union.
19411944Period of German occupation of Belarus.
3 July 1944City of Minsk is recaptured by the Red Army.
19471948Period of renewed repressions under guidance of Andrey Zhdanov.
19561965Period of leadership of the Partisans begins, when Kiryl T. Mazurau becomes the party leader.
19651980Pyotr Masherau leads the Communist Party of Belarus.
26 April 1986Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in Ukraine severely contaminates Belarusian territory.
2425 June 1989Founding Congress of the Belarusian Popular Front in Vilnius, Lithuania.
23 June 1990Vyachaslau Kebich is appointed Prime Minister of the BSSR.
27 July 1990Belarus declares state sovereignty.
25 August 1991Belarus declares independence in response to the failed putsch in Moscow.
19 September 1991The BSSR is renamed the Republic of Belarus, with a new flag and state symbols.
19 September 1991Stanislau Shushkevich is elected Speaker of the Supreme Soviet (parliament) of Belarus.
8 December 1991The Belavezha agreement is signed between Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, forming the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
25 December 1991The Soviet Union is formally dissolved.
February 1993The Belarusian parliament ratifies the START-1 Treaty and accepts the Nonproliferation Treaty as a neutral country.
May 1993The Belarusian Popular Front forms a political party.
January 1994Shushkevich is dismissed as Speaker of the parliament.
February 1994A new Constitution is established in Belarus.
12 April 1994Russia and Belarus announce a monetary union (abandoned by the Russian side later in the year).
23 June and 10 July 1994Presidential elections result in victory for Alyaksandr Lukashenka.
January 1995Belarus joins the NATO Partnership for Peace Program.
January 1995Russia and Belarus form a customs union.
21 February 1995Russia and Belarus sign a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation.
14 May 1995Parliamentary elections and a national referendum, which votes to change the state symbols and national flag, and supports the elevation of Russian as a state language.
2 April 1996Belarus and Russia announce the formation of a Community of Sovereign Republics.
26 April 1996Up to 80,000 participate in Chernobyl march in Minsk and clashes with militia result. Over 200 people arrested.
November 1996Last of the nuclear weapons are removed from the territory of Belarus.
24 November 1996Referendum increases powers of the president and divides parliament into two houses: the House of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. A new Constitution is approved for Belarus.
MarchAugust 1997Repression against the press and nongovernmental organizations.
2 April 1997Belarus and Russia sign an Act of Union (ratified by the parliaments of both countries in June 1997).

This book forms part of the authors continuing research on Belarus. Its goal is to examine the contemporary situation in Belarus: in politics, society, and the economy, with the intention of providing a useful guide for scholars, university and college students, and for those doing business in or visiting Belarus. It is based on numerous visits to the republic, and extensive library work, interviews, and travel therein. Over the past five years I have travelled widely in the country, though I have generally been based in Minsk. The premise behind the research is (in part) the view that Belarus remains relatively neglected among Western scholars. According to a recent survey of applications for IREX grants for studies on the newly independent republics from the United States, only four were for topics on Belarus, two of which were funded. The author has attended conferences over the past year in Minsk, New York, Boston, and other centers ana once again the number of scholars working actively in this academic areaparticularly if one excluded those from the Belarusian diasporaremains small. Belarus is often regarded as a less attractive research site than those in Russia or Ukraine. A repressive political system and difficult living conditions perhaps preclude the arrival of a flock of scholars, descending on the archives like vultures on carrion.

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