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Daniel J. Tortora - Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756-1763

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Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756-1763
Author:
Daniel J Tortora
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Books / Politics
Year:
2015
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In this engaging history, Daniel J. Tortora explores how the Anglo-Cherokee War reshaped the political and cultural landscape of the colonial South. Tortora chronicles the series of clashes that erupted from 1758 to 1761 between Cherokees, settlers, and British troops. The conflict, no insignificant sideshow to the French and Indian War, eventually led to the regeneration of a British-Cherokee alliance. Tortora reveals how the war destabilized the South Carolina colony and threatened the white coastal elite, arguing that the political and military success of the Cherokees led colonists to a greater fear of slave resistance and revolt and ultimately nurtured South Carolinians rising interest in the movement for independence. Drawing on newspaper accounts, military and diplomatic correspondence, and the speeches of Cherokee people, among other sources, this work reexamines the experiences of Cherokees, whites, and African Americans in the mid-eighteenth century. Centering his analysis on Native American history, Tortora reconsiders the rise of revolutionary sentiments in the South while also detailing the Anglo-Cherokee War from the Cherokee perspective.

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CAROLINA IN CRISIS

2015 The University of North Carolina Press

Set in Utopia and Bodoni types

By Westchester Publishing Services

Manufactured in the United States of America

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence

and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for

Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.

The University of North Carolina Press has been a member

of the Green Press Initiative since 2003.

Cover illustration: British military gorget in gilt with royal coat of arms.

Photo by John Warner, courtesy of the Museum of the Cherokee Indian.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Tortora, Daniel J.

Carolina in crisis : Cherokees, colonists, and slaves in the American southeast, 17561763 / Daniel J. Tortora.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4696-2122-7 (pbk : alk. paper)ISBN 978-1-4696-2123-4 (ebook) 1. Cherokee IndiansWars, 17591761. 2. Cherokee IndiansGovernment relationsHistory 18th century. 3. United StatesHistoryFrench and Indian War, 17541763Campaigns. 4. South CarolinaHistoryColonial period, ca. 16001775. I. Title.

E83.759.T67 2015

975.701dc23 2014034900

Contents

CHAPTER 1

Joind Together:

CHAPTER 2

A General Conflagration:

CHAPTER 3

Killed on the Path:

CHAPTER 4

Till Satisfaction Shoud Be Given:

CHAPTER 5

A Situation Too Terrible for Us:

CHAPTER 6

Put to Death in Cold Blood:

CHAPTER 7

That Kindred Duty of Retaliation:

CHAPTER 8

Flushd with Success:

CHAPTER 9

Destroying Their Towns, and Cutting Up Their Settlements:

CHAPTER 10

To Bury the Hatchet, and Make a Firm Peace:

CHAPTER 11

The Turbulent Spirit of Gadsden:

Maps and Images

MAPS

1.1 Cherokee Villages in the Mid-Eighteenth Century

2.1 Eastern North America during the French and Indian War Era

4.1 South Carolina during the French and Indian War Era

7.1 South Carolinas Backcountry Forts, 1760

IMAGES

1.1 Cherokee Embassy, 1730, engraved by Isaac Basire after painting by Markham

2.1 Portrait of Syacust Ukah, 1762, by Sir Joshua Reynolds

2.2 William Henry Lyttelton, by Benjamin Wilson, ca. 175560

2.3 The Little Tennessee Valley of 1757, by Chester Martin

4.1 View of Fort Prince George [in 1761] & part of the Country about it.

6.1 Cherokee Townhouse at Chota, by Thomas Whyte, ca. 1982

7.1 Gravestone of Catherine Calhoun, killed in 1760

8.1 A view of the reconstructed Fort Loudoun, at Fort Loudoun State Historic Area, Tenn.

8.2 William Byrd III, by unknown artist, mid-eighteenth century

9.1 A military commission given to Oconostota by the French governor of Louisiana, 1761

9.2 James Grant, by Allan Ramsay, ca. 1760s

9.3 A Cherokee view of the 1761 battlefield

9.4 The site of the Cowee townhouse

10.1 Christopher Gadsden, by Jeremiah Theus, 176070

11.1 Peter Manigault and His Friends, by George Roupell, 175760

11.2 A Draught of the Cherokee Country, by Henry Timberlake, 1762, printed 1765

11.3 The Three Cherokee Chiefs, 1762

Acknowledgments

This book is the product of several years of reading, research, on-the-ground investigations, group tours, presentations and discussions, and many solitary moments of pondering, writing, and rewriting. I am grateful for the assistance and enthusiasm I have met with along the way.

Numerous people offered research leads, suggestions, and opportunities: Tyler Boulware, Greg Brooking, Al Bullman, Ashley Chapman, Jefferson Chapman, Doug Cubbison, Scott Douglas, Graham Duncan, Debra Dylan, George Frizzell, Charlie Gray, Fritz Hamer, Eric Hughey, Buck Kahler, Angie King, Will Kinton, Clayton Lewis, Christopher Lyttelton, 12th Viscount Cobham, John Maass, Ronan MacGregor, Doug MacIntyre, Jim Moore, David Neilan, Lon Outen, Freeman Owle, Lisa Parrish, Jim Piecuch, Walt Powell, Tom Powers, David Preston, Joyce Purnell, Robert Rambo, John Robertson, Tammy Sarver, Cheney Schopieray, Lynn Shirley, Robert Shook, Bullet Standingdeer, Tim Stone, Wade Stoner, Steve Tuttle, Greg Urwin, Jeff Wells, Martin West, Scott Withrow, and Doug Wood. This book is better for the patient and thorough attention of Mark Simpson-Vos and others at the University of North Carolina Press.

I also appreciate the aid of the staffs at the Beinecke Library at Yale University, Camden Archives & Museum, Charleston Library Society, Colby College Libraries, David Library of the American Revolution, Duke University Libraries, the East Tennessee Historical Society, Gilcrease Museum, Hunter Library at Western Carolina University, the Museum of the Cherokee Indian, the Scottish Tartans Museum, South Carolina Department of Archives and History, the South Carolina Historical Society, South Caroliniana Library, and the William L. Clements Library. My several visits to Fort Loudoun State Historic Area in Tennessee proved awe-inspiring as well as helpful. I also thank the many others who helped me locate documents and images at libraries and archives in Great Britain and the United States.

The following people and organizations invited me to present my work in progress: Bruce Venter and his tour group at Americas History LLC, the Backcountry Revolutionary War Roundtable at Wofford College, the Brad-dock Road Preservation Association, Duke University Department of History, Fort Loudoun State Historic Area, the Kershaw County Historical Society, Ninety Six National Historic Site, the Society for Military History, the South Carolina State Museum, and Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution.

Generous support from the following sources enabled extensive travel and research: Colby College and its Wiswell Research Fund, David Library of the American Revolution, Duke University Graduate School, the Institute for Southern Studies at the University of South Carolina, and the North Caroliniana Societys Archie Davis Fellowship.

People at Duke University and in North Carolina helped in the making of this book, especially Ted Brooks, David Brown, Barry Gaspar, Doug James, Max Krochmal, Wayne Lee, David Long, Jacob Remes, John Thompson, Susan Thorne, and Peter Wood. I owe much to Elizabeth Fenn. In reviewing countless drafts and helping me sharpen my work, she made my journey through graduate school fun. Im grateful for the friendship and intellect of this outstanding bunch.

Many of my favorite memories associated with this project come from times spent in South Carolina with John Allison, Lisa Cheeks, Don Doyle, Walter Edgar, Dean Hunt, Elena Martnez-Vidal, Marjorie Spruill, and John Tompkins. Luke Reuwer, David Reuwer, George and Carole Summers, Charles and Judy Baxley, Matt Stevenson, and Eric Cheezum also provided friendship and cheer. Colleagues at Colby and friends in Maine sustained me in the later stages of this project, particularly Sherry Berard, Jim Fleming, Elizabeth Leonard, Dave and Sharon Page, Jim Webb, Robin Wiggin, and my students.

I thank my family most of all, especially Mike and Annie, Ted and Wanda, Ruth, Mike, Brian, Bill, and Diane. It is their humor and endless support that has meant the most.

CAROLINA IN CRISIS

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