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Brian Hicks - Toward the Setting Sun: John Ross, the Cherokees, and the Trail of Tears

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Toward the Setting Sun: John Ross, the Cherokees, and the Trail of Tears: summary, description and annotation

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Richly detailed and well-researched, this story of one Native American chiefs resistance to American expansionism unfolds like a political thriller (Publishers Weekly).
Toward the Setting Sun chronicles one of the most significant but least explored periods in American historythe nineteenth century forced removal of Native Americans from their landsthrough the story of Chief John Ross, who came to be known as the Cherokee Moses.
Son of a Scottish trader and a quarter-Cherokee woman, Ross was educated in white schools and was only one-eighth Indian by blood. But as Cherokee chief in the mid-nineteenth century, he would guide the tribe through its most turbulent period. The Cherokees plight lay at the epicenter of nearly all the key issues facing America at the time: western expansion, states rights, judicial power, and racial discrimination. Clashes between Ross and President Andrew Jackson raged from battlefields and meeting houses to the White House and Supreme Court.
As whites settled illegally on the Nations land, the chief steadfastly refused to sign a removal treaty. But when a group of renegade Cherokees betrayed their chief and negotiated their own agreement, Ross was forced to lead his people west. In one of Americas great tragedies, thousands died during the Cherokees migration on the Trail of Tears.
Powerful and engaging . . . By focusing on the Ross family, Hicks brings narrative energy and original insight to a grim and important chapter of American life. Jon Meacham

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Toward the Setting Sun
Also by Brian Hicks
When the Dancing Stopped
Ghost Ship
Raising the Hunley
(with Schuyler Kropf)
Into the Wind (with Tony Bartelme)
Toward the Setting Sun
John Ross, the Cherokees, and the Trail of Tears
Brian Hicks
Copyright 2011 by Brian Hicks All rights reserved No part of this book may be - photo 1
Copyright 2011 by Brian Hicks
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. Scanning, uploading, and electronic distribution of this book or the facilitation of such without the permission of the publisher is prohibited. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions, and do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the authors rights is appreciated. Any member of educational institutions wishing to photocopy part or all of the work for classroom use, or anthology, should send inquiries to Grove/Atlantic, Inc., 841 Broadway, New York, NY 10003 or permissions@groveatlantic.com.
eBook ISBN-13: 978-0-8021-9599-9
Atlantic Monthly Press
an imprint of Grove/Atlantic Inc.
841 Broadway
New York, NY 10003
Distributed by Publishers Group West
www.groveatlantic.com
for Beth, who made it all happen
Contents
Dramatis Personae
The Ross family
John McDonaldA Scottish trader; John Rosss grandfather
Anne Shorey (McDonald)A mixed-blood Cherokee; marries John McDonald
Mollie McDonald (Ross)Daughter of John and Anne McDonald; mother of John Ross
Daniel RossA Scottish trader; father of John Ross
Daniel and Mollie Rosss children:
Jane Ross
Elizabeth Ross
John Ross
Susan Ross
Lewis Ross
Andrew Ross
Margaret Ross
Margaret Ross
Maria Ross
Elizabeth (Quatie) Brown Henley (Ross)Cherokee widow; marries John Ross
John and Quatie Rosss children:
James McDonald Rossb. 1814
Allen Rossb. 1817
Jane Rossb. 1821
Silas Rossb. 1829
George Washington Rossb. 1830
Cherokees
Black FoxPrincipal chief of the Cherokee Nation, early 1800s
Elias Boudinot (formerly Buck Watie)Nephew of Major Ridge; newspaper editor
John BrownPrincipal chief of the Western Cherokees, 1839
William Shorey CoodeyJohn Rosss nephew; marries Rosss stepdaughter, Susan
DoubleheadInfluential Cherokee chief of the late eighteenth/early nineteenth centuries
George Guess (Sequoyah)A mixed-blood Cherokee; invented the tribes written language
Charles HicksInfluential Cherokee chief of the early 1800s
Elijah HicksJohn Rosss brother-in-law, second editor of the Cherokee Phoenix
William HicksBrother of Cherokee chief Charles Hicks; principal chief briefly
George LowreyAn influential Cherokee chief from Tellico; Rosss assistant chief
Col. Gideon MorganCherokee warrior who led the tribes unit in the Creek War
PathkillerPrincipal chief of the Cherokee Nation between 1813 and 1827
John RidgeSon of Major Ridge; a young Cherokee politician
Major Ridge / The RidgeCherokee warrior and politician; Ross adviser
James VannA Cherokee town chief in the early 1800s
John WalkerA mixed-blood Cherokee with close ties to white politicians
John (Jack) Walker Jr.Son of Cherokee John Walker; a rebel Indian opposed to John Ross
Stand WatieElias Boudinots brother, rival of John Ross
White PathOlder Cherokee chief; opposed to European customs
U.S. Government officials
Col. William BishopLeader of the Georgia Guard
John C. CalhounSecretary of War, Monroe and Adams administrations
Duncan CampbellGeorgia Indian commissioner
Lewis CassSecretary of War, Jackson administration
Elisha ChesterA U.S. Indian commissioner, Jackson administration
Maj. Gen. John CockeCommander of the Eastern Tennessee forces in the Creek War
Gen. John CoffeeTennessee military leader in the Creek War; Indian commissioner, Jackson administration
William H. CrawfordU.S. Secretary of War, Madison administration
David CrockettTennessee congressman, Creek War veteran and friend to John Ross
Benjamin CurreyA U.S. Indian commissioner, Jackson administration
Silas DinsmoreU.S. Indian agent in the 1820s
John EatonU.S. Secretary of War, Jackson administration
George GilmerGeorgia governor, 18291831
Elbert HerringU.S. Superintendent of the Department of Indian Affairs, Jackson administration
Andrew JacksonTennessee general and politician, seventh president of the United States
John LowreyAn Indian commissioner for President Jackson
Wilson LumpkinGeorgia congressman and governor, instrumental in Indian Removal Act
John MarshallChief Justice of the United States
Thomas L. McKenneySuperintendent of the U.S. Department of Indian Affairs
Joseph McMinnTennessee governor; U.S. Indian agent to the Cherokees
Return Jonathan MeigsU.S. Indian agent to the Cherokees, friend of John Ross
David MeriwetherGeorgia Indian commissioner
Hugh MontgomeryU.S. Indian agent to the Cherokees, beginning 1827
J. F. SchermerhornA retired pastor hired by President Jackson to negotiate a Cherokee removal treaty
Gen. Winfield ScottLed the roundup of Cherokees prior to removal
Others
Big WarriorChief of the Creek Nation in the early nineteenth century
Gen. William McIntoshA Creek diplomat
Timothy MeigsSon of Return Jonathan Meigs, John Rosss business partner
MenawaLeader of the Creek rebels, the Red Sticks, at Horseshoe Bend
George MurrellA wealthy Virginian and Rosss neighbor in Park Hill
Sarah NorthupJohn Ridges white wife, a native of Connecticut
John Howard PayneA writer, actor, playwright and composer interested in Cherokee history, and friend of John Ross
John Golden RossA Scottish trader (no relation to John Ross) who settled in the Cherokee country and married Rosss sister, Elizabeth
Mary Bryan StaplerSecond wife of John Ross
Sarah StaplerRosss sister-in-law and confidante
TecumsehA Shawnee warrior and chief; Tenskatawas brother
TenskatawaA Shawnee prophet
William WirtWashington attorney; represented Cherokees in two Supreme Court cases
Samuel WorcesterAmerican missionary, resident of New Echota, friend of Elias Boudinot
Cherokee Time Line
1540: De Soto encounters the Cherokees; first contact with Europeans
1721: First treaty with whites, in South Carolina
177683: Cherokees fight with the British during the Revolutionary War
1785: Treaty of Hopewell
1790: John Ross born in Turkeytown (Alabama territory)
1791: Treaty of Holston
1802: President Jefferson agrees to remove Indians from Georgia
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