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Beverly C. Tomek - Colonization and Its Discontents: Emancipation, Emigration, and Antislavery in Antebellum Pennsylvania

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Colonization and Its Discontents: Emancipation, Emigration, and Antislavery in Antebellum Pennsylvania: summary, description and annotation

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Pennsylvania contained the largest concentration of early Americas abolitionist leaders and organizations, making it a necessary and illustrative stage from which to understand how national conversations about the place of free blacks in early America originated and evolved, and, importantly, the role that colonizationsupporting the emigration of free and emancipated blacks to Africaplayed in national and international antislavery movements. Beverly C. Tomeks meticulous exploration of the archives of the American Colonization Society, Pennsylvanias abolitionist societies, and colonizationist leaders (both black and white) enables her to boldly and innovatively demonstrate that, in Philadelphia at least, the American Colonization Society often worked closely with other antislavery groups to further the goals of the abolitionist movement.
In Colonization and Its Discontents, Tomek brings a much-needed examination of the complexity of the colonization movement by describing in depth the difference between those who supported colonization for political and social reasons and those who supported it for religious and humanitarian reasons. Finally, she puts the black perspective on emigration into the broader picture instead of treating black nationalism as an isolated phenomenon and examines its role in influencing the black abolitionist agenda.

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About NYU Press
A publisher of original scholarship since its founding in 1916, New York University Press Produces more than 100 new books each year, with a backlist of 3,000 titles in print. Working across the humanities and social sciences, NYU Press has award-winning lists in sociology, law, cultural and American studies, religion, American history, anthropology, politics, criminology, media and communication, literary studies, and psychology.
COLONIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS
Colonization and Its Discontents Emancipation Emigration and Antislavery in Antebellum Pennsylvania - image 1
Early American Places is a collaborative project of the University of Georgia Press, New York University Press, and Northern Illinois University Press. The series is supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. For more information, please visit www.earlyamericanplaces.org.
ADVISORY BOARD
Vincent Brown, Harvard University
Stephanie M. H. Camp, University of Washington
Andrew Cayton, Miami University
Cornelia Hughes Dayton, University of Connecticut
Nicole Eustace, New York University
Amy S. Greenberg, Pennsylvania State University
Ramn A. Gutirrez, University of Chicago
Peter Charles Hoffer, University of Georgia
Karen Ordahl Kupperman, New York University
Joshua Piker, University of Oklahoma
Mark M. Smith, University of South Carolina
Rosemarie Zagarri, George Mason University
COLONIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS
Emancipation, Emigration, and Antislavery in Antebellum Pennsylvania
BEVERLY C. TOMEK
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London wwwnyupressorg 2011 by New York - photo 2
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS
New York and London
www.nyupress.org
2011 by New York University
All rights reserved
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Tomek, Beverly C.
Colonization and its discontents : emancipation, emigration, and antislavery in
antebellum Pennsylvania / Beverly C. Tomek.
p. cm. (Early American places)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8147-8348-1 (cl : acid-free paper)
ISBN 978-0-8147-8349-8 (e-book)
1. Antislavery movementsPennsylvaniaHistory. 2. SlavesEmancipation
PennsylvaniaHistory. 3. Free African AmericansPennsylvania
History. 4. Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery
History. 5. Pennsylvania Colonization SocietyHistory. 6. Pennsylvania
Anti-Slavery SocietyHistory. I. Title.
E449.T658 2010
326'.809748dc22
2010037511
References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.
New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books.
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To R. J. M. Blackett,
an all-around great guy.
ILLUSTRATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
AASS
American Anti-Slavery Society
ACS
American Colonization Society
HSP
Historical Society of Pennsylvania
LCP
Library Company of Philadelphia
PAS
Pennsylvania Abolition Society
PAAS
Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society
PCS
Pennsylvania Colonization Society
YMCSP
Young Mens Colonization Society of Pennsylvania
PROLOGUE
On the evening of May 17, 1838, at least nine Philadelphia fire companies stood by and watched as the four-day-old, $40,000 Pennsylvania Hall burned to the ground. In contemporary accounts of the blaze, some said the firemen were complicit in the destruction and worked only to prevent the fire from spreading to the surrounding buildings. Others reported that at least one fire company tried to save the hall but was prevented from doing so by an angry mob. The extent of the effort made by Philadelphias mayor and police force to protect the building is also unclear. What is certain is that by morning the once grand structure was reduced to smoldering rubble.
Pennsylvania Hall was built with funds collected by Philadelphias abolitionists and managed by the Pennsylvania Hall Association. The ambitious venture was a practical as well as a symbolic response to the anti-abolitionist sentiment that permeated Philadelphia society in the 1830s. Unwelcome in most halls and meetinghouses in the city, abolitionists and their supporters created a space dedicated to the freedom of thought, speech, and human equality. They advertised the new hall as such, and the keynote speaker dedicated it as a Temple of Liberty. The two speakers who followed focused on temperance. Under those terms, the public could tolerate the building and paid little mind to the new structure, perhaps giving the reformers a false sense of security. Once the abolitionists began to speak specifically about slavery and civil rights, however, the hall became a threatening symbol of the wrong kind of liberty, and the attack commenced.
FIGURE 1 Destruction of the hall by John Sartain Courtesy of the Library - photo 3
FIGURE 1. Destruction of the hall by John Sartain. (Courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia.)
The abolitionists who came together to build the hall were members of one or both of two abolitionist groups in the state: gradualists and immediatists. The gradualists of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society (PAS) wanted to end slavery through legal means while maintaining peace throughout the nation and preparing blacks to function as productive free citizens. The immediatists, represented nationally by the American Anti-Slavery Society and locally by the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society (PASS), argued that slavery was a sin and should end immediately without compensation for slave owners and regardless of how prepared the slaves were to enjoy their freedom.
Most immediatists wanted to end slavery at once and force a complete overhaul of the American racial system; they hoped that impassioned speeches and displays of black and white unity would awaken whites to the immorality of racial hatred and make them willing to accept their black neighbors on equal terms. The PAS was as deeply opposed to slavery as the immediatists were, but most members feared that radical confrontation would only fan the flames of racial intolerance and thereby prove detrimental to the cause. The rash of anti-abolitionist violence throughout the late 1830s lent credence to these concerns, making it increasingly difficult for abolitionists of either group to peacefully coexist with mainstream institutions and organizations.
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