ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: SYRIA
Volume 3
SYRIA 1945-1986
SYRIA 19451986
Politics and Society
DEREK HOPWOOD
First published in 1988
This edition first published in 2014
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1988 Derek Hopwood
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ISBN: 978-0-415-83882-5 (Set)
elSBN: 978-0-203-77927-9 (Set)
ISBN: 978-0-415-73498-1 (Volume 3)
elSBN: 978-1-315-81895-5 (Volume 3)
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Syria 19451986
Politics and Society
DEREK HOPWOOD
Derek Hopwood, 1988
This book is copyright under the Berne Convention.
No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved.
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First published in 1988
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Hopwood, Derek
Syria 19451986: politics and society.
1. SyriaHistory20th century
I. Title
ISBN 0044450397
ISBN 004445046X Pbk
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Hopwood, Derek.
Syria 19451986: politics and society / Derek Hopwood.
p. cm.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISBN 0044450397. ISBN 004445046X (pbk.)
1. SyriaPolitics and government. 2. SyriaSocial conditions.
I. Title.
JQ1825.S8H66 1988
956.91042dcl9
Typeset in 10 on 12 point Times by Nene Phototypesetters Ltd and printed in Great Britain by Billing and Sons, London and Worcester
Contents
To many outsiders Syria is an enigma. I have written this book in an attempt to understand the country better myself and to pass on my conclusions for the judgement of others. It is only one persons view of the country and there is obviously room for opposing or complementary views. My aim has been to try to explain why Syria behaves as it does and the historical reasons for this behaviour. It has not been written as propaganda or to elicit sympathy. Syria is in many ways a difficult country to write about. Its policy and aims are clear, yet the methods adopted to further them are impossible for many people to accept. The Syrians would assert that they do not act to gain world sympathy. They have certain objectives which they pursue unremittingly. Nevertheless, their external image is of concern to them. If a reader reaches the end of this book he may perhaps be in a better position to make his own judgement on a fascinating country.
This book is based on my interpretation of the works of others, on first hand impressions and on innumerable conversations with Syrian colleagues and friends and with scholars studying Syria. Among them I would like to mention Ruth and Kamal Abu Deeb, great friends and commentators on the Arab and Syrian scenes; Abd al-Nabi Staif, a friend and colleague in Oxford for many years; Salma Mardam, George Jabbur, Philip Khoury, Moshe Maoz and Khairiya Qasimiya, a delightful host in Damascus. Their views, written and spoken, are reflected in these pages as are those of the other scholars whose works I have used. They have helped me to form my own views on Syria which are in the end my responsibility and not theirs. This book, like my earlier one on Egypt, was written for those who may have no previous knowledge of the country or the area. If a specialist reads it he will be annoyed by the statement of the obvious. I have included footnotes to the more important sources. The bibliography includes all those studies I found of help in writing this book. It was completed coincidentally at a particularly difficult period in Anglo-Syrian relations. One can only hope that things will improve.
Derek Hopwood
Oxford, July 1987
Our idealism is the optimistic spirit which is confident in itself, its nation and its future. (M. Aflaq)
The Land
Syria is both a country and a concept. The Arabic name for the region in the eastern Mediterranean between Egypt and Turkey is Sham which the dictionary defines as the northern region, the north, Syria, Damascus. For the early Arabs looking at the world from their Arabian homeland Sham was a term applied to a largely undefined place across the deserts to their north. They did not use the word