Denise F. Polit PhD FAAN - Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice

Essentials of Nursing Research

Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice

FIGURE 2.1 Evidence hierarchy: levels of evidence.

Essentials of Nursing Research

Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice

Denise F. Polit, PhD, FAAN

President, Humanalysis, Inc.

Saratoga Springs, New York

Professor, Griffith University School of Nursing

Brisbane, Australia

www.denisepolit.com

Cheryl Tatano Beck, DNSc, CNM, FAAN

Distinguished Professor, School of Nursing, University of Connecticut

Acquisitions Editor: Christina C. Burns

Product Manager: Helen Kogut

Editorial Assistant: Dan Reilly

Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt

Illustration Coordinator: Brett MacNaughton

Manufacturing Coordinator: Karin Duffield

Prepress Vendor: SPi Global

4th edition

Copyright 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at (products and services).

Printed in China

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Polit, Denise F.

Essentials of nursing research : appraising evidence for nursing practice / Denise Polit, Cheryl Tatano Beck. 8th ed.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4511-7679-7

I. Beck, Cheryl Tatano. II. Title.

[DNLM: 1. Nursing Research. 2. Evidence-Based Nursing. WY 20.5]

610.73072dc23

2012023962

Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the author, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.

The author, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug.

Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice.

LWW.com

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Acquisitions Editor: Christina C. Burns

Product Manager: Helen Kogut

Editorial Assistant: Dan Reilly

Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt

Illustration Coordinator: Brett MacNaughton

Manufacturing Coordinator: Karin Duffield

Prepress Vendor: SPi Global

4th edition

Copyright 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at (products and services).

Printed in China

Not authorised for sale in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Polit, Denise F.

Essentials of nursing research : appraising evidence for nursing practice / Denise Polit, Cheryl Tatano Beck. 8th ed.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4511-7679-7

I. Beck, Cheryl Tatano. II. Title.

[DNLM: 1. Nursing Research. 2. Evidence-Based Nursing. WY 20.5]

610.73072dc23

2012023962

Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the author, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.

The author, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug.

Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice.

LWW.com

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To

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Husbands: Alan and Chuck

Children: Alex, Alaine, Lauren, Norah and Curt, Lisa

Grandchildren: Julia and Maren