Ali Nawab - Concepts and terminology in agricultural processing

Acknowledgement

The authors wishes to express their sincere thanks and gratitudes to various institutions, universities and organizations where they earned their academic degrees and acquired professional knowledge and skill in the discipline of agricultural and food engineering with specialization in agricultural processing and also to those scientists and engineers whose published works have been used in the book and duly listed in the bibliography.

Shukadev Mangaraj
Nawab Ali

Appendices

Appendix-l

Units and Measurements

The International System of Units (SI) is the metric system devised around the number ten. It is the worlds most widely used system of measurement both in everyday commerce and in science.

The older metric system included several group of units. The SI was developed in 1960 from the old metre-kilogram-second system. Because the SI is not static, units are created and definitions are modified through international agreement among many nations as the technology of measurement progresses, and as the precision of measurement improves. The system is nearly universally employed. Three principal exception are Burma (Myanmar), Liberia, and the United states. The United Kingdom has officially adopted the International System of Units but not with the intention of replacing customary measures entirely. There are seven base units of the SI

METRE (m) : The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 729 458 of a second.

KILOGRAM (kg) : The Kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.

SECOND(s) : The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.

AMPERE (A) : The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length,

of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 107 Newton per meter of length.

KELVIN (K) : The Kelvin unit of thermodynamic temperature is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic of the triple point of water.

MOLE (mol) : The mole is amount of substance of system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12.

CANDELA(cd) : The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.

A prefix may be added to a unit to produce a multiple of the original unit. All multiples are integer powers of ten as shown in Table Al.

Table A1 : Prefix, sysmbol and multiplying factor of units

Appendix-2

Comparison of Thermometer Readings

Bibliography

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