John Merriman - A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present

This book made available by the Internet Archive.

For Laura Merriman and Christopher Merriman

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Contents

The Renaissance and Religion and Woman

The Renaissance Man

Renaissance Art 67 Architecture Patronage and the Arts Renaissance Artists Painting and Sculpture High Renaissance Style

The End of the Renaissance 79 Economic Decline Foreign Invasion Machiavelli The Decline of the City-States Im^pulses Elsewhere

Chapter 3 THE TwO REFORMATIONS 87

The Northern Renaissance 89 Northern Art and Humanism Erasmus'Humanistic Critique of the Church

The Roots of the Reformation 92 The Great Schism (1378141 7) Heretical and Spiritual Movements The Challenge of Conciliarism to Papal Authority Clerical Abuses and Indulgences Martin Luther

Social Background of the Reformation in the German States 104 Urban Centers of Reform The Process of Reform The Peasants'Revolt

The Spread of the Reformation 107 Divisions within Christendom Charles V and the Protestants The Peace of Augsburg

The Reformation in Switzerland and France 112 Zwingli and Reform Radical Reformers Jean Calvin and Reform Calvinist Conversions

The Reformation in England 121 Henry VIII and the Break with Rome After the Break with Rome

The Catholic Reformation 125 Retreat to Dogmatism Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits The Council of Trent Putting Its House in Order

Culture during the Two Reformations 129 The Baroque Style Print Culture Lay Education and Reading Popular Rituals and Festivals The Role of Women

The Legacy of the Two Reformations 136

Chapter

The Wars OF Religion 1 38

The Wars of Religion in Sixteenth-Century France 139 A Strengthened Monarchy Economic Crisis French

Chapter

Contents ix

Calvinists and the Crisis of the French State Henry of Navarre Restoring Stability to France Statemaking Louis XIII and the Origins of Absolute Rule

The Thirty Years'War (1618-1648) 159 Factionalism in the Holy Roman Empire The Origins of the Thirty Years'War Conflict in Bohem^ia The Expansion of the Conflict The Danish Period The Swedish Interlude The Armies of the Thirty Years' War The Wars of Religion and Dynastic Struggles (16351648) The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

PART TWO STATEMAKING

The Rise of the Atlantic Economy: Spain AND England 1 81

Economic Expansion 182 Increased Agricultural Productivity Expansion of Trade The Global Economy Price Revolution and Depression

The Rise of Spain 187 Centralization and the Spanish Monarchy The Spanish Economy The Expansion of the Spanish Empire The Age of Philip II

The Rise of England 197 The House of Tudor Religious Settlem^ent and Conflict under Elizabeth I Tudor Statemaking Demographic and Economic Expansion English Society in the Tudor Period The Quest for Public Order The Elizabethan Theater

The Decline of Spain 219 The Dutch Revolt Economic Decline An Empire Spread Too Thin

Conclusion 230

Chapter 6 ENGLAND AND THE DUTCH REPUBLIC IN

THE Seventeenth Century 232

Conflicts in Stuart England 233 Conflicts between Jam-es I and Parliament Religious Divisions Charles I and Parliament Clash

The English Civil War 240 Moving toward Conflict Taking Sides Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army Divisions within Parliament Radicals Parliament's Victory The Puritan Republic and Restoration

Contents

The Glorious Revolution 255 Stuart Religious Designs The "Protestant Wind" The Bill of Rights

The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic 260 The Structure of the Dutch State Expanding Economy Dutch Religion and Attitudes Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture

The Decline of the Dutch Republic 271

Chapter 7 THE ACE OF ABSOLUTISM, 1 650-1 720 274

Theories of Absolutism 276

Characterizing Absolute Rule 277 Monarchs and Nohles Expanding State Structures Absolutism and Warfare Absolutism and Religion Monumentalism^ in Architecture and Art

Absolutism in France 285 The Fronde: Taming "Overmighty Subjects" Mercantilism under Eouis XIV Louis XIV's Absolutism Louis XIV at Versailles Louis XIV's Persecution of Religious Minorities Limits of French Absolutism

The Habsburg Monarchy 299 The Rise of Prussia 303

The Russian and Swedish Empires 307

The Expansion of Muscovy The Swedish Empire

Peter the Great Turns Westward

The Balance of Power 316 The Origins of International Law Louis XIV's Dynastic Wars

The Modern State 323

PART THREE NEW CULTURAL AND POLITICAL HORIZONS

Chapter O ThE NeW PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 327

Changing Views of the Universe 328 Ancient and Medieval Science Copernicus Challenges the Aristotelian View of the Universe The Universal Laws of the Human Body Brahe and Kepler Explore the Heavens Francis Bacon and Scientific Method Galileo and Science on Trial

Descartes and Newton: Competing Theories of Scientific Knowledge 340 Descartes and Deductive Reasoning The Newtonian Synthesis

The Culture of Science 344 The Diffusion of Scientific Method The Uses of Science Science and Religion

Consequences of the Scientific Revolution 352

Chapter V EiGHTEENTH-CeNTURY ECONOMIC AND

Social Change 3 54

The Social Order 355 Nobles The British Landed Elite Clergy The '^Middling Sort" Peasants

The Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution 366 Stagnation and Growth in Agriculture Population Growth Manufacturing: Guilds and Domestic Industry Inventions Expanding British Economy Expanding Continental Econom^ies

Social Changes 384 The Growth of Towns and Cities Social Movem^ent within the Elite The Changing Condition of the Poor

Social Control 393 Protecting Property Subordination and Social Control

A Century of Contrasts 397 Chapter 1 0 ENLIGHTENED THOUGHT AND THE REPUBLIC

OF Letters 399

Enlightened Ideas 400 Intellectual Influences on Enlightened Thought The Republic of Ideas Montesquieu Voltaire Denis Diderot Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 414 Religious Enthusiasm and Skepticism Expansion of the Cultural Base Painting Music The Spread of Enlightened Ideas

Enlightened Absolutism 427 Reform of Jurisprudence Educational Reform Religious Toleration Frederick the Great Rural Reform Enlightened Statecraft

Currents of the Late Enlightenment 436 Enlightened Thought and Economic Freedom German Idealism The Enlightenment and Public Opinion

xii Contents

Forbidden Publications and the Undermining of Authority

Legacy of the Enlightenment 440 Chapter 1 1 EiGHTEENTH-CeNTURY DyNASTIC RIVALRIES

AND Politics 442

The Eighteenth-Century State System 444 Global Rivalries The Hanoverians and the Stuarts in Great Britain The Prussian-Austrian Dynastic Rivalry in Central Europe