Georgia Cosmos - Huguenot Prophecy and Clandestine Worship in the Eighteenth Century

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Huguenot Prophecy and Clandestine Worship in the Eighteenth Century

For Helen

Huguenot Prophecy and Clandestine Worship in the Eighteenth Century

'The Sacred Theatre of the Cvennes'

Georgia Cosmos

First published 2005 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2005 Georgia Cosmos

The author has asserted her moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Cosmos, Georgia
Huguenot prophecy and clandestine worship in the eighteenth century: the sacred
theatre of the Cvennes
1. Huguenots England London History 18th century 2. Prophecy Christianity
History of doctrines 18th century 3. Persecution France Languedoc History
18th century 4. Oral tradition History 18th century 5. Languedoc (France) Religion
18th century
I. Title
284.5'09421'09033

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cosmos, Georgia, 1948
Huguenot prophecy and clandestine worship in the eighteenth century: 'the sacred
theatre of the Cvennes' / Georgia Cosmos.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7546-5182-7 (alk. paper)
1. Huguenots. 2. Protestantism France History 17th century. 3. Protestantism
France History 18th century. 4. Camisards France Cvennes Mountains. 5. France
Church history. I. Title.
BX9454.3.C67 2005
284'.5'094409033dc22
2005001834

Publication of this work was assisted by a publication grant from the University of Melbourne.

ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-5182-6 (hbk)

Contents

Guide

Figures

Stills from Les Camisards

Maps

I wish to thank Peter McPhee and Charles Zika for reading earlier drafts of the manuscript. My research also benefited from the encouragement of Barry Collett and the invaluable suggestions of John Cashmere.

I would also like to express my gratitude to Randolph Vigne, Editor of the Huguenot Society of London, for his understanding and enthusiasm, and for the opportunity to share my work with people who have a passion for Huguenot History. I owe a special debt to Michel Caby, Curator of the Muse du Dsert. This book would never have been written without his encouragement, extraordinary kindness and generosity.

During the course of this project, assistance was provided by librarians and archivists at the Archives Dpartementales de l'Hrault, Montpellier; Baillieu Library, University of Melbourne; Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscripts Library, Yale University; Bibliothque de la Socit de l'Histoire du Protestantisme Franais, Paris; Bibliothque du film, Paris; Bibliothque publique et universitaire, Geneva; Bodleian Library, University of Oxford; Borchardt library, La Trobe University; Department of Manuscripts, The British Library, London; Dr William's Library, London; Eglise Protestante Franaise, Soho Square; Huguenot Library, London; Rare Book Department, The Huntington Library, San Marino; Institut Protestant de Thologie, Montpellier; The Joint Theological Library, Parkville; Lambeth Palace Library, London; Library of Congress, Washington D.C.; Monash University Library, Clayton; Muse du Dsert, Mialet; The Newberry Library, Chicago; and the State Library of Victoria, Melbourne.

My special thanks also to persons who provided expertise in the final stages: Maris Lakis compiled the map of the French Churches in London; Joan O'Shannassy assisted with the initial preparation of the manuscript; Tim Morrow carried out the formatting and typesetting of the text; Mark Kimonides scanned and reproduced all of the images; Derek Fonnie provided technical support whenever it was needed.

For their help and support in a variety of other ways, I am deeply grateful to members of my family especially my parents, Luke Cosmos, and my daughter Helen, for her unfailing interest and assistance with the bibliography.

This publication is supported by a grant from the Research and Graduate Studies Committee, Faculty of Arts, The University of Melbourne.

In quoting from French and English manuscripts, seventeenth- and eighteenth-century printed sources, and the depositions of the Thtre sacr des Cvennes, I have endeavoured to accurately transcribe contemporary spelling and punctuation.

The depositions are cited in footnotes by name of the witness. English translations of the original texts are drawn from A Cry from the Desart.

Louis XIV revoked the edict of Nantes in 1685 even though peaceful religious co-existence between Protestants and Catholics had been achieved in many communities in France by the middle of the seventeenth century.

In proscribing Protestantism, the act of Revocation brought an end to religious toleration in France. An era of intense persecution began: ministers who refused to recant were banished from the kingdom, temples were demolished and services forbidden, schools and academies were closed, and newborn children of former Protestants were henceforth to be baptized and reared in the Catholic religion.

Population estimates of the French Reformed community in 1685 vary greatly. Historical studies which draw on the analyses and figures proposed by Samuel Mours suggest that the overall estimate was somewhere between 800,000 to 1,000,000 persons. Between 1680 and 1705, at least 200,000 fled the realm illegally and settled in countries of refuge where freedom of worship was permitted.

In defiance of royal decrees they began to gather for worship at illicit assemblies - to hear sermons, sing psalms, and for prayers. In remote places in the Cvennes and on the plain of Languedoc, illicit assemblies flourished. This study focuses upon dsert religiosity in the mountain valleys of the Cvennes in southeastern France during a long period of clandestine worship. It provides insights into outbreaks of prophesying at forbidden assemblies after 1700 and the immediate origins of the Camisard war, a bloody struggle for liberty of conscience which broke out in the region in July 1702. Huguenot exiles who lived through these events left behind traces of their experiences in depositions they gave in London between November 1706 and March 1707, and which were included in Le Th tre sacr des Cvennes . I have attempted to reconstruct their world from these extraordinary texts.

On 24 April 1707, the depositions were circulated in print in London under the title, Le Thtre sacr des Cvennes . The stories recounted by several Huguenot migrs from the Cevennes had been meticulously recorded for publication. In the preface of the work, the collector of testimony, FrancoisMaximilien Misson, described the circumstances which had inspired this project:

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