Ebenezar - Recent Trends in Materials Science and Applications: Nanomaterials, Crystal Growth, Thin films, Quantum Dots, & Spectroscopy (Proceedings ICRTMSA 2016)

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Part I
Invited and Plenary Talks

Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

Jeyasingh Ebenezar (ed.) Recent Trends in Materials Science and Applications Springer Proceedings in Physics 10.1007/978-3-319-44890-9_1

Cavitation TechnologyPotential Way of Generating Nanomaterials and Nanoemulsions for Wider Technological Applications

Manickam Sivakumar 1

(1)

Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Kuala Lumpur, 43500, Selangor, Malaysia

Manickam Sivakumar

Email:

Abstract

Development of nanomaterials is continuously on the rise owing to their variety of technological applications and thus gets increased attention not only in the academic research but also on an industrial scale. Nanomaterials behave in a different way compared to their counterpart and showing markedly different properties which may be physical, chemical, biological, electronic, etc. Common techniques that are employed in the development of nanomaterials are high energy ball milling, hydrothermal synthesis, co-precipitation, microemulsion, sol-gel processing, etc. Due to the inherent disadvantages existing with these conventional techniques newer processing methods are always have great consideration. In this connection, cavitation induced by ultrasound exhibits many advantages. Not only the nanomaterials are obtained using this technique, even the nanoformulations such as nanoemulsions could be generated using this technology.

Introduction

With a continuous demand of nanomaterials that have been employed in a wide spectrum of technological products, it is the need of the hour to look for novel techniques by which they could be manufactured in a facile way. On this line, cavitation brought about by passing ultrasonic waves in a liquid could be a potential way to assist the generation of nanomaterials . Cavitation is the generation, growth and violent collapse of vaporous bubbles. The end of cavitation process leads to intense conditions of temperatures and pressures, shockwaves and microjets which support the generation of nanomaterials. The major benefits of this technique in the generation of nanomaterials are: milder reaction conditions (low temperature and pressure), utilization of simple precursors, extreme reaction rates, smaller particle size with narrow distribution, high stability of the generated nanomaterials and higher energy efficiency. Following are some of the nanomaterials and nanoemulsions that have been developed using this technique.

Nano Oxides and Ferrites

The successful preparation of nanosized ferrites with precise stoichiometry is a synthetic challenge as the rigorous conditions employed in the conventional methods only lead to bulk materials with poor homogeneity, high porosity and poor control of particle size. Whereas ultrasonic cavitation successfully generated these magnetic nanostructured ferrites in a simple way [ad). In case of manganese zinc ferrite, the as-prepared showed the size of 20 nm, whereas the heat treated resulted in the size of 33 nm. Similarly, the generated ZnO displayed the size in the range of 200250 nm.

Fig. 1

Transmission electron micrograph of as-prepared ( a , b ) and heat treated ( c , d ) zinc ferrite nanocrystals (adapted from [])

Nanoporous Catalysts

Ultrasound was also successful to induce a large number of pores in the in situ generated catalysts such as CuO-ZrO2 [].

Fig. 2

Transmission electron micrographs of Pt on TiO2 ( a c ) (adapted from [])

Nanoemulsions

A range of nanoemulsions incorporated with the active components have been generated using ultrasonic cavitation . These nanoemulsions are successfully used in food, pharma, agriculture and in cosmetic applications. In drug delivery, nanoemulsions seem to be an appealing alternative to administer poorly water soluble drugs. Two-stage emulsification approach was proposed in the generation of nanoemulsions . In the first stage, ultrasound induced acoustic field generates interfacial waves which cause an instability at the interface of oil-aqueous system and erupts the oil phase into the aqueous phase to form larger primary droplets. The above formed larger droplets are then continuously broken into smaller droplets due to the local intense turbulence induced by ultrasound [].

Nanoemulsion incorporated with aspirin was generated using the above approach. It was observed that the conventional magnetic stirring for 7 h led to an average droplet size of 1160 nm with the PDI of 0.971. But, ultrasound application within a minute resulted in generating the droplets of 232 nm with the PDI of 0.309. Also, higher stability was noted with ultrasonically generated nanoemulsions .

To determine the energy efficiency, using aspirin nanoemulsion as a model system, ultrasound was also compared with high pressure microfluidiser system (for a variety of parameters) which is a commonly employed in the industries. It has been observed that to achieve a similar droplet size of 160 nm (Fig. ].

Fig. 3

SEM micrographs of aspirin nanoemulsion generated using ultrasound (adapted from [])

From these investigations, it could be noted that the key factor for efficient ultrasonic emulsification is supplying an optimum ultrasonic energy density which is critical as the excess energy input beyond the optimum only increased the droplet size. Also, premixing is essential before subjected to ultrasound as it controls the PDI or size distribution of the resultant droplets. Besides, the conventional emulsion (O/W or W/O), multiple nanoemulsions also referred as double emulsion or emulsions of emulsions were also generated using ultrasound [].

Conclusion

It could be clearly noted that cavitation through ultrasound is influential and capable technique to produce a range of nanomaterials and nanoemulsions incorporated with various active components. But it has to be noted that optimization using different operating parameters should be followed carefully to obtain the unique advantages of smaller particle size with narrow distribution. Overall cavitation is a simple and energy efficient route which avoids many of the necessities required in the conventional techniques that continuously attracting the attention of researchers and hence this technique has a great future.

References

Sivakumar, M., Gedanken, A., Zhong, W., Jiang, H.Y., Du, Y.W., Bhattacharya, D., Brukental, I., Yeshurun, Y., Felner, A.: Chem. Mater. , 36233632 (2004) CrossRef

Sivakumar, M., Gedanken, A., Zhong, W., Du, Y.W., Felner, A.: J. Mater. Chem. (4), 764769 (2004) CrossRef

Sivakumar, M., Takami, T., Ikuta, H., Bhattacharya, D., Yasui, K., Towata, A., Tuziuti, T., Iida, Y.: J. Phys. Chem. B (31), 1523415243 (2006) CrossRef

Sivakumar, M., Yasui, K., Towata, A., Tuziuti, T., Iida, Y.: Curr. Appl. Phys. (3), 591 (2006) ADS CrossRef

Sivakumar, M., Towata, A., Yasui, K., Tuziuti, T., Kozuka, T., Iida, Y., Maiorov, M.M., Blums, E., Sivakumar, N., Ashok, M.: Ultrason. Sonochem. (3), 652658 (2012) CrossRef

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