Fried George - Schaums Outline of Biology

GEORGE H. FRIED was Professor of Biology at Brooklyn College. He received his AB from Brooklyn College, and his MS and PhD from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. His research interests have centered on metabolic aspects of comparative physiology and the enzymatic factors in genetic and experimental obesities. From 1983 to 1987 he served as chairperson of the Biology Department of Brooklyn College. He has taught courses in general biology and animal physiology and has developed a course in Biology and Society during a 30-year teaching career.

GEORGE J. HADEMENOS is a former Visiting Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Dallas. He received his BS from Angelo State University, his MS and PhD from the University of Texas at Dallas, and completed postdoctoral fellowships in nuclear medicine from the University of Massachusetts Medical Center and in radiological sciences/biomedical physics at UCLA Medical Center. His research interests have involved potential applications of physics to the biological and medical sciences, particularly with cerebrovascular diseases and stroke. He has published his work in journals such as American Scientist, Physics Today, Neurosurgery, and Stroke. In addition, he has written several books, including: The Physics of Cerebrovascular Diseases: Biophysical Mechanisms of Development, Diagnosis, and Therapy, published by Springer-Verlag, and McGraw-Hills MCAT. He currently teaches general and advanced physics courses.

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To my wife, Lillian, for her patience and to Sylvia, Ellen, and Judy

G.H.F.

To Kelly and Alexandra, for their undying love and tireless support.

G.J.H.

Biology has undergone tremendous changes since the seminal contributions of Watson and Crick inaugurated the era of molecular biology (1953). The more descriptive aspects of the field, long associated with the older notion of biology as natural history, have been complemented by investigative insights that afford an understanding of life in terms of the precise characteristics of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein. To a marked extent, heredity, development, the control of cell function and even evolution have become better understood by applying the probes of molecular biology.

However, the drama of life and its evolving diversity and scope requires a perspective of time and an appreciation of meticulous descriptive detail to be truly appreciated. To cover these descriptive and historical aspects while elucidating with thoroughness the biochemical and molecular approaches imposes a daunting challenge to anyone undertaking a concise treatment of modern biology. Maintaining such a balance has been a continuing aim here.

In the outline format, each chapter independently summarizes the material of its major theme and is followed by a series of solved problems which provides both greater depth and an opportunity to clarify material which the student has not completely understood. All of the major themes expected in a one-year biology course at the introductory level are covered in the thirty-three chapters.

Although this book could serve as a primary text in elementary college biology, it is primarily intended as a supplementary text to improve the students understanding and achievement in the course. In providing solutions to the problems in the latter part of each chapter, emphasis has been placed on clarity and the importance of mastering fundamentals. Many of the problems used here are derived from actual classroom situations.