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INTRODUCING
PSYCHOLOGY

HOW TO STOP PROCRASTINATION ANDDISCOVER POSITIVE THINKING, MOTIVATION AND CONFIDENCE

By

Daniel Anderson

COPYRIGHT 2019.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, or by any information storage and retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of very brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

HISTORY OF PHSYCOLOGY

It i always a difficult utin t ask, where t bgin t tell th tr f the hitr of hlg. Sm wuld trt with nint Gr; others would lk to a dmrtin in th late 19th ntur when the in f psychology was frmll proposed and intitutd. Th two perspectives, and ll that i in between, r rrit fr describing a hitr f psychology. Th interested tudnt will hv n trouble finding an bundn f rur n ll f these time frames and perspectives (Gdwin, 2011; Leahey, 2012; Shultz & Shultz, 2007). For th ur of this module, we will examine the dvlmnt f hlg in America nd u th mid-19th ntur as ur trting int. Fr the sake of convenience, w refer t thi as a hitr f modern hlg.

Psychology is n xiting fild nd th hitr of hlg ffr th rtunit t mk sense f hw it h grown nd dvld. The history f psychology l rvid rtiv. Rather thn a dry lltin of nm nd dt, the hitr of psychology tll us but th important intrtin f time nd l tht dfin wh we r. Cnidr what hn whn u mt mn fr the firt time. Th nvrtin usually bgin with a series of questions uh , Whr did u grw up? How lng have you lived here? Whr did u g t hl? The importance f hitr in dfining wh we r cannot b vrttd. Whether u r ing a physician, tlking with a unlr, r ling for a job, vrthing bgin with a hitr. Th same is true fr tuding the history of psychology; gtting a history f th fild hl to make n of where w r and hw w gt hr.

A Prehistory f Psychology

Prurr t American psychology n b found in philosophy and physiology. Philosophers uh as John Lk (16321704) nd Thm Rid (17101796) promoted miriim, th idea tht ll knowledge comes frm xrin. Th wrk of Locke, Rid, nd thr mhizd th rl f the human brvr and the primacy f th n in dfining hw th mind comes to acquire knowledge. In American llg and univriti in the rl 1800s, these rinil wr taught courses n mntl nd moral philosophy. Mt often these ur taught but the mind bd on the faculties f intllt, will, nd th senses (Fuh, 2000).

Philg nd Phhi

Philhil questions but th nature f mind and knwldg were matched in th 19th century b physiological invtigtin f th sensory tm f th humn brvr. Grmn hilgit Hrmnn von Hlmhltz (18211894) murd th d of th nurl imul nd xlrd the hilg f hring nd vision. His work inditd that our senses n deceive us nd r nt a mirrr of the xtrnl wrld. Suh work showed tht even though th humn senses wr fllibl, the mind could be measured using the mthd f science. In ll, it suggested tht a in f psychology was fibl.

An important imlitin of Hlmhltz wrk was that there i a psychological reality nd a physical reality and tht th tw are nt idntil. Thi w nt a nw id; philosophers lik John Lk hd writtn xtnivl on the ti, nd in th 19th ntur, hilhil speculation but th ntur of mind bm subject t th rigr f in.

Th utin f th rltinhi between th mntl (xrin of the n) nd the mtril (external rlit) was invtigtd b a number f German rrhr inluding Ernst Wbr nd Gutv Fhnr. Their work was lld hhi, nd it introduced mthd fr measuring th rltinhi btwn hil stimuli and humn rtin tht would serve as th basis fr th nw in f hlg (Fnhr & Ruthrfrd, 2011).

Wilhlm Wundt

The frml dvlmnt f mdrn hlg i uull rditd t th wrk f German hiin, hilgit, nd hilhr Wilhlm Wundt (18321920). Wundt hld to tblih th field of experimental hlg b rving a trng rmtr f th idea that hlg uld b an experimental fild nd b rviding classes, txtbk, and a lbrtr for trining tudnt. In 1875, he jind the fult t th Univrit f Lizig nd uikl bgn to mk ln for the rtin of a program f xrimntl hlg. In 1879, he mlmntd hi ltur n experimental hlg with a laboratory experience: n vnt tht has rvd as th ulr date for the establishment f the in f psychology.

The rn to th nw in w immediate nd global. Wundt attracted students frm rund th wrld to tud the new xrimntl hlg nd work in his lb. Studnt wr trained t offer dtild self-reports of their reactions t various timuli, a rdur known introspection. The gl was to idntif th elements f niun. In addition t th tud f ntin and rtin, rrh w dn n mntl chronometry, mr commonly known reaction tim. Th wrk f Wundt and hi students dmntrtd that th mind could b murd nd th ntur of consciousness could b rvld thrugh intifi mn. It w n xiting ritin, nd n that fund great interest in Amri. After th ning f Wundt lb in 1879, it took just fur years fr the firt psychology lbrtr t n in th United Stt (Bnjmin, 2007).

Sintifi Psychology Cm t th Unitd Stt

Wundts vrin f hlg rrivd in Amri mt viibl thrugh th wrk of Edwrd Brdfrd Tithnr (18671927). A student f Wundt, Tithnr brught t Amri a brnd f experimental hlg rfrrd t structuralism. Structuralists wr interested in the ntnt f th mindwhat the mind is. Fr Tithnr, th gnrl dult mind w the proper focus fr the new psychology, nd h xludd frm tud th with mntl deficiencies, children, nd niml (Evn, 1972; Tithnr, 1909).

Exrimntl hlg spread rather rapidly thrughut Nrth America. B 1900, there wr more thn 40 lbrtri in th Unitd Stt nd Cnd (Bnjmin, 2000). Phlg in America l rgnizd rl with th establishment of th Amrin Psychological Aitin (APA) in 1892. Titchener flt tht thi nw rgniztin did nt dutl rrnt the intrt of experimental hlg, so, in 1904, he rgnizd a gru of llgu to rt what i nw known the Sit f Exrimntl Phlgit (Gdwin, 1985). The gru met nnull t discuss research in experimental psychology. Reflecting th tim, women researchers wr nt invitd (r wlm). It i intrting to note tht Titcheners firt dtrl tudnt w a wmn, Mrgrt Floy Whburn (18711939). Dit mn brrir, in 1894, Whburn bm the firt woman in Amri t rn a Ph.D. in hlg nd, in 1921, nl the second wmn to b ltd president of th Amrin Phlgil Association (Srbrugh & Furumt, 1987).

Striking a bln between the in and rti of hlg ntinu t thi day. In 1988, th American Psychological Society (now knwn as th Aitin fr Phlgil Sin) w founded with the central mission f advancing hlgil in.

Twrd A Functional Phlg

William Jm was n of th lding figur in a new perspective n hlg called functionalism.

Whil Tithnr nd his followers dhrd t a truturl hlg, others in Amri were uruing diffrnt rh. Willim James, G. Stnl Hall, nd Jm MKn Cttll wr among a group tht bm idntifid with functionalism. Influenced b Drwin vlutinr theory, funtinlit wr interested in the tiviti of the mindwhat th mind d. An intrt in funtinlim nd th w fr th tud of a wide rng f approaches, inluding niml nd mrtiv hlg (Bnjmin, 2007).

Willim James (18421910) i regarded writing perhaps the most influntil nd imrtnt bk in th fild f hlg, Prinil f Phlg, ublihd in 1890. Od t the rdutinit id f Tithnr, Jm rd tht niun is ongoing nd ntinuu; it nnt be isolated nd rdud t elements. For Jm, consciousness hld u dt t our environment in uh w as llwing u t mk hi nd have personal rnibilit over th hi.

At Hrvrd, James uid a itin of authority nd rt in psychology nd hilh. Thrugh hi teaching nd writing, h inflund hlg for generations. On of his tudnt, Mary Whitn Clkin (18631930), faced mn of th hllng that nfrntd Margaret Fl Whburn and thr women intrtd in uruing grdut dutin in hlg. With muh ritn, Calkins was bl to tud with Jm at Harvard. She vntull completed ll th ruirmnt for th dtrl dgr, but Harvard rfud t grnt her a dilm bu h w a wmn. Dit these hllng, Clkin went n to bm n mlihd rrhr and the first woman ltd ridnt f th Amrin Phlgil Aitin in 1905 (Scarborough & Furumoto, 1987).

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