Lostroh Phoebe - Molecular and Cellular Biology of Viruses

Molecular and Cellular Biology of Viruses

Molecular and Cellular Biology of Viruses

Phoebe Lostroh

CRC Press

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... my greetings to all of you, Yeasts,

Bacteria, Viruses,

Aerobics and Anaerobics:

A Very Happy New Year

to all for whom my ectoderm

is as Middle-Earth to me.

From A New Year Greeting by W. H. Auden

I dedicate this book to my parents, who encouraged my nose to stay in a book; to Dr. Bruce A. Voyles: virologist, professor, teacher, mentor, friend, and inspiration; and to my students.

Contents

2.8 Viruses can also cause long-term
infections

6.2 The mononegavirus replication cycle includes primary and secondary transcription catalyzed by the viral
RdRp

10.5 All retroviruses express eight essential proteins, whereas some such as HIV encode species-specific accessory
proteins

11.17 Release from animal cells can occur
by lysis

14.15 The complement system targets enveloped viruses and cells infected
by them

16.1 Vaccines are critical components
of an effective public health system

17.2 Satellite viruses and nucleic acids require co-infection with a virus
to spread

17.11 Variations among influenza A viruses reflects genetic drift and natural
selection

I teach undergraduate students, most of whom are biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, or neuroscience majors. Most undergraduate virology textbooks do not have enough molecular and cellular content for my virology elective. In contrast, most virology textbooks with substantial molecular and cellular content are written for more advanced audiences. There is a singular book from the 1990s that fits this niche, namely The Biology of Viruses by Dr. Bruce A Voyles. But by 2017, it was time for a book of similar scope and focus but incorporating contemporary research.

The book is organized according to the stages of a virus replication cycle, with a few additional chapters to take into account themes in molecular and cellular virology that are especially interesting to undergraduates. These include immunology as it pertains to viral infections and medical applications of molecular and cellular virology. In our age of rising antibiotic resistance and a renaissance in phage research spurred by CRISPR-Cas and other biotechnological innovations, I decided that it would be best to keep the phages front and center even though other authors may have relegated them to an appendix or online materials.

The book is intended to give faculty choices about customizing the assigned reading. For example, faculty whose course goals emphasize molecular biology may want to use all the content about the gene expression and genome replications strategies. In contrast, faculty whose course goals emphasize cell biology may want to use only the simplest model viruses in those chapters so that they can instead assign more content about autophagy, signal transduction, apoptosis, and the cell cycle.

I have not made any attempt to be comprehensive; such a book would have defeated the purpose of its utility for a typical undergraduate course. Instead, I have focused on a few models to give undergraduate readers a taste of the diversity of virology and to lay down examples for comparison. Throughout this book I have favored HIV as an example because its molecular biology has been worked out in intensive detail, using experimental procedures that are understandable by current undergraduates. I also chose to write so much about HIV in order to encourage LGBTQ students and students from the global south to identify with molecular biology. When HIV was not a good choice, I selected models that most interest my students. Throughout, I wrote about ideas derived from contemporary research findings in order to inspire students to love the creation of new knowledge.

I hope that faculty and students will enjoy using this book, and I look forward to hearing from readers.

I would like to thank the students of Colorado College for teaching me about the roles of listening and compassion in good teaching. Thank you especially to my 101 laboratory research students, who helped me keep the faith that students would be interested in such a book. I thank the anonymous reviewers who made this book so much better by their diligence, and I apologize for any remaining errors, which are mine alone. Thank you to Dr. C. Lee, without whom I would never have become a professor, let alone an author.