Alan Hastings - Encyclopedia of Theoretical Ecology

THE STEPHEN BECHTEL FUND

IMPRINT IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

The Stephen Bechtel Fund has

established this imprint to promote

understanding and conservation of

our natural environment.

The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous
contribution to this book provided by the Stephen
Bechtel Fund.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
THEORETICAL ECOLOGY

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
THEORETICAL ECOLOGY

EDITED BY

ALAN HASTINGS

University of California, Davis

LOUIS J. GROSS

University of Tennessee, Knoxville

University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu .

Encyclopedias of the Natural World, No. 4

University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd.
London, England

2012 by The Regents of the University of California

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Encyclopedia of theoretical ecology / edited by Alan Hastings,

Louis J. Gross.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 978-0-520-26965-1 (cloth : alk. paper)

1. Ecology--Encyclopedias. I. Hastings, A. (Alan), 1953- II. Gross,
Louis J.

QH540.4.E526 2012

577.03--dc23

2011027208

Manufactured in China.

19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).

Cover photographs: Coral-dominated reef, Bent Christensen/Azote.se. Insets, from left: Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia), from Robinson R. (2006): Genes Affect Population Growth, but the Environment Determines How. PLoS Biol 4/5/2006: e150 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040150 ; aspen grove, Fishlake National Forest, Utah, photo by Mark Muir, courtesy U.S. Forest Service; crab among coral (Trapezia rufopunctata), courtesy Adrian Stier; A. coelestinus, courtesy Duncan J. Irschick.

Title page photo: Images from nature have inspired many studies in ecology and evolution, yielding important theoretical insights. Here tropical army ants (Eciton burchellii) cooperate to form a bridge over one another on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Images like this are a fertile source of hypotheses and testing, suggesting possible theoretical approaches to the understanding of such topics as colony formation and demography, movement ecology, and spatial dynamics. Photograph by Christian Ziegler/STRI.

CONTENTS

Peter A. Bednekoff

J. A. J. Metz

Max Shpak

Tim Benton

Caz M. Taylor

Andrew J. Kerkhoff

Robert D. Holt

Cleo Bertelsmeier; Elsa Bonnaud; Stephen Gregory; Franck Courchamp

James A. Drake; Paul Staelens; Daniel Wieczynski

Kiona Ogle; Jarrett J. Barber

B. D. Roitberg; R. G. Lalonde

James Umbanhowar

Louis W. Botsford

Fabio Dercole; Sergio Rinaldi

Benjamin Z. Houlton

Christopher J. Dugaw

John C. Moore; Peter C. De Ruiter

Linda J. S. Allen

Alan Hastings

David E. Hiebeler

Robert F. Costantino; Robert A. Desharnais

Brian D. Inouye

Donald L. DeAngelis

Stuart H. Gage

H. Reit Akakaya

Brian A. Maurer

Matthew R. Zimmerman; Richard McElreath; Peter J. Richerson

Yang Kuang

Charlotte Lee

Jim M. Cushing

Ram Ranjan; Jason F. Shogren

Giulio De Leo; Chelsea L. Wood

Gabriela Yates; Mark S. Boyce

Marissa L. Baskett

Helene C. Muller-Landau

Anne Chao; Lou Jost

Michael Bode; Hedley Grantham

Sunny Jardine; James N. Sanchirico

Yiqi Luo; Ensheng Weng; Yuanhe Yang

Kim Cuddington

Fiorenza Micheli; Anne Guerry

Stephen Polasky

Valery Forbes; Peter Calow

S. A. L. M. Kooijman

Gordon A. Fox; Bruce E. Kendall; Susan Schwinning

Lisa Sattenspiel

Richard McElreath

James W. Haefner

Michael W. McCoy; Christine Holdredge; Brian R. Silliman; Andrew H. Altieri; Mads S. Thomsen

Elliott Lee Hazen; Larry B. Crowder

Kevin McCann; Gabriel Gellner

Axel G. Rossberg

Thomas Caraco

Michael C. Dietze; Andrew M. Latimer

N. Thompson Hobbs

Duncan J. Irschick; Chi-Yun Kuo

Karl Sigmund; Christian Hilbe

Jocelyn L. Aycrigg; J. Michael Scott

Dennis Baldocchi

Michael F. Goodchild

Wayne Marcus Getz

John L. Largier

Steven F. Railsback; Volker Grimm

Subhash R. Lele; Mark L. Taper

Arnold J. Bloom

Mark Kot; Mark A. Lewis; Michael G. Neubert

Mark A. Lewis; Christopher L. Jerde

Jianguo Wu

Leah R. Gerber; Tara Gancos Crawford; Benjamin Halpern

Louis J. Gross

Patricia Adair Gowaty

Eelke Jongejans; Hans De Kroon

Michael D. Jennions; Kerrie Mengerson

James F. Gillooly; April Hayward; Melanie E. Moses

Marcel Holyoak; Jamie M. Kneitel

Ilkka Hanski

Thomas G. Platt; Peter C. Zee; Keenan M. L. Mack; James D. Bever

Perry De Valpine

Paul R. Moorcroft

Brian Charlesworth

Anna Eklf; Stefano Allesina

Stephen P. Hubbell

John Odling-Smee

Howard V. Cornell

Cheryl J. Briggs

Roger M. Nisbet

Peter J. S. Franks

Christopher A. Edwards

Hien T. Tran

Sebastian J. Schreiber

Joshua L. Payne

Nicholas F. Britton

Shandelle M. Henson

Mario Pineda-Krch

Brian C. OMeara

Scott V. Edwards; Susan E. Cameron Devitt; Matthew K. Fujita

E. David Ford

Michael B. Bonsall; Claire Dooley