Graham Park - Mountains ǂthe ǂorigins of the Earths mountain systems

Also by Graham Park and published by Dunedin Academic Press

Introducing Geology A Guide to the World of Rocks (Second edition 2010)

Introducing Tectonics, Rock Structures and Mountain Belts (2012)

The Making of Europe: A geological history (2014)

Introducing Natural Resources (2015)

For details of these and other Dunedin Earth and Environmental Sciences titles see www.dunedinacademicpress.co.uk

MOUNTAINS

The origins of the Earths mountain systems

Graham Park

First published in 2018 by

Dunedin Academic Press Ltd

This ebook edition published 2018

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ISBNs:

Print edition: 9781780460666

Epub edition: 9781780465791

Copyright 2018 Graham Park

The right of Graham Park to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 & 78 the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

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Contents

Sourced illustrations

The following illustrations are reproduced by permission:

Shutterstock: figures .

Science Photo Library: .

: Umbgrove, J.H.F. 1950. Symphony of the Earth, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.

The following illustrations have been adapted from published sources:

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plate, via Wikimedia Commons.

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: (1) Alonso-Chaves, F.M., Soto, J.I., Orozco, M., Kilias, A.A. and Tranos, M.D. (2004) Tectonic evolution of the Betic Cordillera: an overview. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece,36, 15981607. (2) Castro, J.M., Garcia, A., Gmez, J.J., Goy, A., Molina, J.M., Ruiz Ortiz, P.A. and Sopea, A. (2009) Mesozoic successions of the Betic and Iberian ranges. In: A. Garcia-Corts, J.A. Villar, J.P. Suarez-Valgrande and C.I.S. Gonzlaez, Spanish geological frameworks and geosites, Instituto Geolgico y Miner de Espaa, Madrid, 7390.

: (A): (1) Azan, J.M., Galindo-Zalvidar, J., Garcia-Dueas, V. and Jabaloy, A. (2002) Alpine tectonics II: Betic Cordillera and Balearic Islands. In: W. Gibbons and M.T. Moreno, The geology of Spain. The Geological Society, London. (2) Morales, J., Serrano, I., Jabaloy, A. et. al. (1999) Active continental subduction beneath the Betic Cordillera and the Alboran Sea. Geology,27, 735538. (B) Banks, C.J. and Warburton, J. (1991) Mid-crustal detachment in the Betic system of Southeast Spain. Tectonophysics,191, 275289.

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: Zeck, H.P. (1999) Alpine plate kinematics in the western Mediterranean: a westwards-directed subduction regime followed by slab roll-back and slab detachment. In: B. Durand, L. Jolivet, F. Horvath and M. Sranne (eds) The Mediterranean basins: Tertiary extension within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 156, 109120.

E. and Bernoulli, D. (2010) Reconciling plate-tectonic reconstructions of Alpine Tethys with the geologicalgeophysical record of spreading and subduction in the Alps. Earth Science Reviews,102, 121158.

: (A) Pfiffner, A. (2014) Geology of the Alps, Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. (B) Dietrich, D. and Song, H. (1984) Calcite fabrics in a natural shear environment, the Helvetic nappes of Switzerland. Journal of Structural Geology,6, 1932.

: Pfiffner, A. (2014) Geology of the Alps, Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.