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Aubrey de Grey - Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime

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Aubrey de Grey Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime
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Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime: summary, description and annotation

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MUST WE AGE?
A long life in a healthy, vigorous, youthful body has always been one of humanitys greatest dreams. Recent progress in genetic manipulations and calorie-restricted diets in laboratory animals hold forth the promise that someday science will enable us to exert total control over our own biological aging.
Nearly all scientists who study the biology of aging agree that we will someday be able to substantially slow down the aging process, extending our productive, youthful lives. Dr. Aubrey de Grey is perhaps the most bullish of all such researchers. As has been reported in media outlets ranging from 60 Minutes to The New York Times, Dr. de Grey believes that the key biomedical technology required to eliminate aging-derived debilitation and death entirely--technology that would not only slow but periodically reverse age-related physiological decay, leaving us biologically young into an indefinite future--is now within reach.
In Ending Aging, Dr. de Grey and his research assistant Michael Rae describe the details of this biotechnology. They explain that the aging of the human body, just like the aging of man-made machines, results from an accumulation of various types of damage. As with man-made machines, this damage can periodically be repaired, leading to indefinite extension of the machines fully functional lifetime, just as is routinely done with classic cars. We already know what types of damage accumulate in the human body, and we are moving rapidly toward the comprehensive development of technologies to remove that damage. By demystifying aging and its postponement for the nonspecialist reader, de Grey and Rae systematically dismantle the fatalist presumption that aging will forever defeat the efforts of medical science.

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Aubrey dedicates this book as follows To the tens of millions whose indefinite - photo 1

Aubrey dedicates this book as follows To the tens of millions whose indefinite - photo 2

Aubrey dedicates this book as follows: To the tens of millions whose indefinite escape from aging depends on our actions today.

Michael dedicates this book as follows: To the two tenders of the flames that have inspired me throughout this work. To April Smith, for erupting, like Athena, out of the secret depths of my mind, raining Greek fire on my Manichee heart, reigniting smoldering embers I had thought long extinguished, and opening up the promise of a shared indefinite tomorrow; and to Dr. Aubrey de Grey, for tirelessly and courageously bearing Promethean fire to a world yet shivering under the winter of age-related death and decay, kindling the sparks that we must fan into a blaze that will cast out its obscuring darkness and melt its frozen grip.

Preface

Picture 3

Picture 4 The biomedical revolution described in this book is still some way offat least a few decades, maybe more. Why, you may then ask, should you concern yourself with it now?

The answer is simple: Once you know what I have to tell you, youll want to make it happen sooner, and some of you will put that desire into action. The more people are aware of what has now become foreseeable in the fight against our oldest foe, aging, the faster it will become acceptable to come out as an ardent opponent of aging, and then unacceptable not to. We arent close enough to this revolution to put accurate timescales on its arrival, but we are close enough that our action (or inaction) today will affect the date at which aging is defeated.

In fact, weve been at that point for a few years now. It could, therefore, be argued that I should have written this book sooner. Well, maybe I should havebut theres a trade-off: with every year that has passed since I developed the key concepts described here, progress has been seen in the laboratory. Every step of this progress has strengthened the case that the overall scheme will succeed, so the book as a whole is more compelling than it could have been a year or three ago. In fact, without the diligent efforts of a large number of scientists within and beyond biogerontology, my plan for defeating aging could not exist.

Another reason this book has only been written now is the usual one: books dont write themselves, and Ive been spending every waking hour engaged in other work to further the anti-aging mission. Without doubt, you would not have this book in your hands today if it were not for the diligent work of my research assistant Michael Rae, who dedicated much of 2006 to it: he can take credit for most of the text of Part 2.

Michael is not the only person without whom this book could not have come to pass. Thanks to Peter Ulrich for painstakingly going over the fascinating history of patient work, inspired reasoning, and scientific serendipity behind the development of alagebrium. Any misunderstandings of this story are Michaels. Special thanks go to our graphics team, who prepared the illustrations: Bram Thijssen, Bryan English, Benjamin Martin, Tyler Chesley, Zachary Bos, Hoyt Smith, and their coordinator, Jeff Hall. Additionally, Michael and I received outstanding editorial help from Methuselah Foundation volunteers Reason, Anne Corwin, and David Fisher. Our agent, John Brockman, and his staff were tremendously efficient in shepherding the book through the worldwide publication process, and our editor at St. Martins, Phil Revzin, also provided invaluable editorial input. And finally, my work on this book has, as with all my contributions to the crusade against aging, depended hugely on the unswerving intellectual and emotional support of my beloved wife, Adelaide Carpenter.

I hope that this book will enjoy a wide readership; if it does, most readers will be nonbiologists and certainly nonbiogerontologists. Some, however, will be people who do possess expertise in these areas. To that group I would like to make clear at the outset that, in presenting SENS, the Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence, to a general audience, I have not been able to delve into every nook and cranny of the relevant science, and you will surely identify aspects of SENS that, if what you read here were all there was to it, would seem flawed. I merely remind you now that this book is not all there is to SENS, and that, if you see what seems to you to be a slam-dunk objection to what I say, you should consult my published academic work (and, preferably, consult me personally, too) before dismissing it.

However, the above applies only to errors of omission, of course. Any errors of commission are, I fully accept, my responsibility and mine alone.

Contents

Picture 5

Part Picture 6 One
The Eureka Moment

Picture 7

Marriott Hotel, Manhattan Beach, California.
June 25, 2000.
Four oclock.
In the morning.

Picture 8 It was 4 A.M . in California, but my body insisted on reminding me that it was noon in Cambridge. I was exhausted from the intercontinental flight and by a day spent in debate with some of the most influential personalities in biogerontology, at an invitation-only brainstorming workshop on ideas to combat aging. Evolutionary biologist Michael Rose was there. So were calorie restriction researchers Richard Weindruch and George Roth, nanotechnologist Robert Freitas, and several others. But I couldnt sleep: On top of the mismatch between biological and geographical clocks, I was frustrated at what I saw as the days failure to make any real progress toward a concrete, realistic anti-aging plan. As I dozed and pondered, a question on the nature of metabolism and aging wormed its way into my brain and wouldnt let go.

In my bleary irritation, I sat up, ran my hands over my beard, and began pacing the room, turning over the quandary in my mind. Normal metabolism was just so messy, and the raging debates in the biogerontology literature showed how difficult it was to determine what paced what: which metabolic disruptions were causes of aging, and which were effects (or secondary causes) that would simply disappear if the underlying primary causes were addressed. How could we make a positive difference in such a complex, poorly understood system? How could any meaningful change made in metabolism not be like a butterfly flapping its wingsapt to cause large, unwanted storms further down the line?

Then a second line of thought began to form in my mindidly at first, just as a notion. The real issue, surely, was not which metabolic processes cause aging damage in the body, but the damage itself. Forty-year-olds have fewer healthy years to look forward to than twenty-year-olds because of differences in their molecular and cellular composition, not because of the mechanisms that gave rise to those differences. How far could I narrow down the field of candidate causes of aging by focusing on the molecular damage itself?

Well, I thought, it cant hurt to make a list

There are mutations in our chromosomes, of course, which cause cancer. There is glycation, the warping of proteins by glucose. There are the various kinds of junk that accumulate outside the cell (extracellular aggregates): beta-amyloid, the lesser-known transthyretin, and possibly other substances of the same general sort. There is also the unwholesome goo that builds up within the cell (intracellular aggregates), such as lipofuscin. Theres cellular senescence, the aging of individual cells, which puts them into a state of arrested growth and causes them to produce chemical signals dangerous to their neighbors. And theres the depletion of the stem cell pools essential to healing and maintenance of tissue.

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