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Evans Neus - A systematic review of rural development research : characteristics, design quality and engagement with sustainability

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Evans Neus A systematic review of rural development research : characteristics, design quality and engagement with sustainability
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Rapid urbanisation, inequalities in income and service levels within and between communities, and population and economic decline are challenging the viability of rural communities worldwide. Achieving healthy and viable rural communities in the face of rapidly changing social, ecological and economic conditions is a declared global priority. As a result, governments all over the world, in both developed and developing countries, are now prioritizing rural and regional development through policies and programs aimed at enhancing the livelihoods of people living in rural regions.

In recognition of the important roles that research can play in rural development, a range of systematic literature reviews have rightly examined key priorities in rural development including education, gender, economic development (especially agriculture), and health and nutrition (see Department for International Development [DFID], 2011). However, none of these works has systematically examined the extent to which rural development as a field of research is progressing towards facilitating sustainable change.

This book evaluates trends in rural development research across the five continental regions of the world. Specifically, it assesses the total publication output relating to rural development, the types of publications, their quality and impact over the last three decades. Additionally, it evaluates the continental origins of the publications as well as the extent to which such publications engage with issues of sustainability. The aim is to determine whether the rural development field is growing in a manner that reflects research and policy priorities and broader social trends such as sustainability.

Development policy makers, practitioners, those teaching research methods and systematic literature reviews to undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in general will find the book both topical and highly relevant.

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The Author(s) 2015
Neus Evans , Michelle Lasen and Komla Tsey A Systematic Review of Rural Development Research SpringerBriefs in Public Health 10.1007/978-3-319-17284-2_1
1. Introduction and Background
Neus Evans 1, Michelle Lasen 1 and Komla Tsey 1
(1)
James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
1.1 Rural Development
Rural development has multidimensional facets that represent a significant policy concern requiring new thinking and explicit initiatives (Australia Futures Task Force ), research can make a valuable contribution to understanding rural development and provide evidence to guide policies and practices.
A challenge when undertaking studies in rural development is the lack of a clear and consistent definition used to classify a region or an area as rural. For example, Woods ().
Alongside these variations in definition, it is important to note that rapid levels of urbanisation over the last century have had an ongoing impact on rural-urban configurations (ARUP ).
Inequalities between urban and rural regions can be vast. Cities house half the worlds population, but consume three-quarters of the Earths resources (ARUP ).
It is also important to highlight that the extent of the issues associated with development varies between rural communities and that there are wide differences in performance (OECD ). However, a lack of research providing a holistic overview compromises policy impact and success. This research attempts to address this gap.
1.2 Sustainability
Sustainability deals with complex interconnections between environment, society and economy, involving the distribution of resources and, on account of their finiteness, living within limits (Sustainable Measures ).
Further, as researchers from the education discipline, we are interested in the intersection of learning and sustainable development and, in particular, the types of (learning) strategies applied by intervention researchers to engage communities in rural development initiatives. The important role that education plays in working towards sustainability is recognised by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ). One of our objectives in this research is to understand the types of formal and non-formal learning strategies that inform the way rural development researchers engage with sustainable development. We propose that the ability to effectively engage with sustainable development is partly determined by the extent of knowledge and understanding of different learning processes and strategies, and the contexts wherein they are likely to be most effective.
Scott and Gough () model, such principles are best applied through mediation approaches. We expand on this model of learning in the methods section as a way to further classify intervention research. First though, we consider the role that evidence-based policy and practices may play in enhancing rural development outcomes.
1.3 Evidence-Based Policy
Over the past 20 years, there has been an increased focus on applying research to policy development. However, the absence of an overall method to evaluate the contributions of research to improving rural development outcomes makes it difficult to apply evidence to policy formation. Defining the type of research that contributes most to improving knowledge and practice in a field of research is conceptually, methodologically and politically problematic (Sanson-Fisher et al. ). By examining the volume and types of publication outputs over time, it is possible to determine if a research field is progressing systematically from simply describing and theorising problems to evaluating strategies and identifying those that are effective and efficient and can also be translated or adapted to the needs of other contexts.
Nevertheless, for research to make a meaningful contribution, it needs to engage with the complete spectrum of measurement, descriptive and intervention research types as defined later on in the book, employing quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodologies (Boaz et al. ).
The expansion of development research requires that evidence is both consolidated and robust in order to be more readily applied to decision making. Existing reviews of rural development research provide thematic, narrative and descriptive overviews of evolving themes (Ellis and Biggs ). A systematic literature review of knowledge and quality output over time can play an important role in the development and delivery of evidence-based policy.
1.4 Research Quality
Research quality is an area of concern for researchers, academic administrators, governments and policy makers alike. Research quality is underpinned by methodological rigour related to design or conduct. Research that lacks methodological rigour runs the risk of bias and, hence, is considered to lack validity and reliability (Reitsma et al. ).
We take the position that assessing the quality in research is important because it provides assurance that the study results are valid, reliable and, hence, trustworthy and useful. However, no single approach to assessing quality is appropriate for all research. The best approach is to be determined by contextual, pragmatic and methodological considerations (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination ) Qualitative Research Checklist. Here we report on the findings from application of the EPHPP and CASP tools to appraise rural development research.
References
Ahmad, M. S., & Abu Talib, N. B. (2011). Decentralization and participatory rural development: A literature review. Contemporary Economics, 5 (4), 5867. doi: 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.28 . CrossRef
ARUP. (2008). Drivers of change: Urbanisation . London: Author.
Ashley, C., & Maxwell, S. (2001). Rethinking rural development. Development Policy Review, 19 (4), 395425. doi: 10.1111/1467-7679.00141 . CrossRef
AusAID. (2007). Aid and the environment building resilience, sustaining growth: An environment strategy for Australian aid . Canberra: Author. Accessed December 16, 2014, from http://aid.dfat.gov.au/Publications/Documents/env.pdf
Australia Futures Task Force. (2007). Challenges and directions for Australias urban and regional future (Report # 1: Identifying the Key Issues). Canberra: Australian Research Council Research Network in Spatially Integrated Social Science. Accessed December 15, 2014, from http://www.infrastructureaustralia.gov.au/public_submissions/published/files/79_ARCRNSISS_SUB.pdf
Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. (2009). Living sustainably: The Australian Governments national action plan for education for sustainability . Canberra: Author. Accessed December 16, 2014, from http://aries.mq.edu.au/pdf/national_action_plan.pdf
Boaz, A., Ashby, D., & Young, K. (2002). Systematic reviews: What have they got to offer evidence based policy and practice? (ESRC UK Centre for Evidence Based Policy and Practice: Working Paper 2). Accessed December 16, 2014, from https://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/politicaleconomy/research/cep/pubs/papers/assets/wp2.pdf
Bowen, G. A. (2005). Local-level stakeholder collaboration: A substantive theory of community-driven development. Community Development, 36 (2), 7388. doi: 10.1080/15575330509490176 . CrossRef
Cavaye, J. (2001). Rural community development new challenges and enduring dilemmas. The Journal of Regional Policy Analysis, 31 (2), 109124.
Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. (2009). Systematic reviews: CRDs guidance for undertaking reviews in health care . York: Author. Accessed December 16, 2014, from http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/pdf/Systematic_Reviews.pdf
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