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Willard M. Oliver - 16 July

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Most people believe the Federal Bureau of Investigation began under J. Edgar Hoover in the 1920s or 1930s. Many also naturally assume it was developed for the express purpose of fighting crime. However, the reality is very different. The reality is it began years earlier, in 1908, under President Theodore Roosevelt. In The Birth of the FBI: Teddy Roosevelt, the Secret Service, and the Fight Over Americas Premier Law Enforcement Agency, Willard Oliver details the political fight that led to the birth of Americas premier law enforcement agency. Roosevelt was concerned about conservation and one issue he wanted enforced were the fraudulent land deals being perpetrated by many people, including some members of Congress. When he began using the Secret Service to investigate these crimes, Congress blocked him from doing so. The end result of this political spat was Roosevelts creation of the FBI, which heightened the political row between the two branches of government in the final year of Roosevelts presidency.The truth of the matter is, the premier law enforcement agency in the United States was actually created because of a political fight between the executive and legislative branches of government. The Birth of the FBI reveals the true story behind the birth of the FBI and provides some useful insight into an important part of our American history.

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Notes
Prologue

. Bryan Burrough, Public Enemies: Americas Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 193334 (New York: The Penguin Press, 2004); and David Grann, Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI (New York: Vintage, 2018).

Chapter 1. Federal Law Enforcement

. Lawrence M. Friedman, Crime and Punishment in American History (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 261.

. David T. Courtwright, Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).

. Samuel Walker, Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 25 .

. Bruce Smith, Rural Crime Control (New York: Institute of Public Administration, Columbia University, 1933).

. Walker, Popular Justice, 25.

. Roger Lane, Policing the City: Boston, 18221855 (New York, NY: Atheneum, 1971), 8.

Press, 1977); Law Enforcement Assistance Association, Two Hundred Years of American Criminal Justice: An LEAA Bicentennial Study, ed. Joseph Foote (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, 1976).

. Boston City Council, Ordinances and Rules and Orders of the City of Boston: Together with the General and Special Statutes of the Massachusetts Legislature Relating to the City (Boston: Alfred Mudge and Son Printers, 1869), 524.

. Willard M. Oliver and James F. Hilgenberg Jr., A History of Crime and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd ed. (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010), 47.

. Oliver and Hilgenberg, History of Crime.

. Lane, Policing the City; Walker, Popular Justice.

. William Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 79.

. Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (Mineola, NY: Dover Thrift Editions, [1791] 1996), 81.

. James F. Richardson, Urban Police in the United States (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1974), 10.

. Eric H. Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 18601920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 32.

. George Washington Walling, Recollections of a New York Chief of Police: An Official Record of Thirty-Eight Years as Patrolman, Detective, Captain, Inspector and Chief of the New York Police (New York: Caxton Book Concern, 1887), 32.

. Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 637; Wilbur R. Miller, Cops and Bobbies: Police Authority in New York and London, 18301870, 2nd ed. (Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 1997), 4.

.

. David R. Johnson, American Law Enforcement: A History (Wheeling, IL: Forum Press, 1981); Madison, Notes on the Debates.

. Sean Condon, Shayss Rebellion: Authority and Distress in Post-Revolutionary America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015); Leonard L. Richards, Shayss Rebellion: The American Revolutions Final Battle (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002).

Madison, 1946), 33; Broadus Mitchell, Heritage from Hamilton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1957), 26.

. Condon, Shayss Rebellion; Richards, Shayss Rebellion.

. Madison, Notes on the Debates.

.

. Richards, Shayss Rebellion.

. Alexander Hamilton, essay no. 17, in Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, 2 vols. (New York: J. and A. McLean, 1787).

. Ibid.

. Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 17891815 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 409.

. Johnson, American Law Enforcement.

. Wood, Empire of Liberty, 409.

. Ibid.

. Ibid., 410.

. Frederick S. Calhoun, The Lawmen: United States Marshals and Their Deputies, 17891989 (New York: Penguin Books, 1991), 13.

. Robert Sabbag, Too Tough to Die: Down and Dangerous with the U. S. Marshals (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 39.

. This act is informally known as the Judiciary Act of 1789.

. Calhoun, Lawmen, 3.

. Ibid.; Sabbag, Too Tough to Die.

. Mark Edward Lender and Garry Wheeler Stone, Fatal Sunday: George Washington, the Monmouth Campaign, and the Politics of Battle (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016).

.

. Calhoun, Lawmen, 12 and 15.

. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 17451799: Prepared under the Direction of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission and Published by Authority of Congress (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1939), 336.

. Calhoun, Lawmen, 3.

. Calhoun, Lawmen.

. William Hogeland, The Whisky Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged Americas Newfound Sovereignty (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010).

. Jeffrey B. Bumgarner, Federal Agents: The Growth of Federal Law Enforcement in America (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006); Calhoun, Lawmen.

. Calhoun, Lawmen.

. Ibid; Robin Langley Sommer, The History of the U. S. Marshals: The Proud Story of Americas Legendary Lawmen (Philadelphia: Courage Books, 1993).

. U.S. Const. art. I, 2.

.

. Calhoun, Lawmen; Nancy E. Marion and Willard M. Oliver, Federal Law Enforcement Agencies in America (Frederick, MD: Wolters Kluwer Law and Business), 2015; Sommer, History.

.

.

. Jane H. Pease and William H. Pease, The Fugitive Slave Law and Anthony Burns: A Problem in Law Enforcement (New York: Lippincott, 1975).

. Thomas P. Slaughter, Bloody Dawn: The Christiana Riot and Racial Violence in the Antebellum North (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

. Pease and Pease, Fugitive Slave Law.

. Calhoun, Lawmen; James Mackay, Allan Pinkerton: The First Private Eye (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1996); Frank Morn, The Eye That Never Sleeps: A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982).

Chapter 2. Pinkertons Detectives

. Allan Pinkerton, Professional Thieves and the Detective: Containing Numerous Detective Sketches Collected from Private Records (New York: G. W. Dillingham Co., Publishers, 1880), 17 and 19.

. Morn, Eye That Never Sleeps.

. Ibid., 21.

. Pinkerton, Professional Thieves, 24.

. Mackay, Allan Pinkerton, 59.

. Pinkerton, Professional Thieves, 24 and 25.

. Ibid.

. Mackay, Allan Pinkerton, 60.

. Pinkerton, Professional Thieves, 26.

. Ibid., 54.

. Mackay, Allan Pinkerton; Morn, Eye That Never Sleeps.

. As quoted in ibid., 27.

. As quoted in Morn, Eye That Never Sleeps, 19.

. Mackay, Allan Pinkerton; Morn, Eye That Never Sleeps.

. Mackay, Allan Pinkerton, 49 and passim.

. As quoted in ibid., 53.

. As quoted in ibid., 54.

. Ibid.

. Ibid.; Morn, Eye That Never Sleeps.

. As quoted in Mackay, Allan Pinkerton, 68.

. James D. Horan, The Pinkertons: The Detective Dynasty That Made History (New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1967); James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, The Pinkerton Story (New York: G. P. Putnams Sons, 1951); Mackay, Allan Pinkerton.

.

. Morn, Eye That Never Sleeps, 22.

. Mackay, Allan Pinkerton

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