Klingensmith - The Washington Manual™ of Surgery, 8e

THE WASHINGTON MANUAL
OF SURGERY

Eighth Edition

Department of Surgery
Washington University
School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri

Editors

Mary E. Klingensmith, MD

Paul E. Wise, MD

Cathleen M. Courtney, MD

Kerri A. Ohman, MD

Matthew R. Schill, MD

Jennifer Yu, MD, MPHS

Foreword by

Timothy J. Eberlein, MD

Bixby Professor and Chair of Surgery
Director, Siteman Cancer Center
Washington University
School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri

Acquisitions Editor: Keith Donnellan

Development Editor: Sean McGuire

Editorial Coordinator: Tim Rinehart

Marketing Manager: Julie Sikora

Production Project Manager: Bridgett Dougherty

Design Coordinator: Stephen Druding

Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh

Prepress Vendor: Aptara, Inc.

8th edition

Copyright 2020 Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine.

Copyright 2016 Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine. Copyright 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Copyright 2008 by Washington University, on Behalf of Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery. Copyright 2005, 2002, 1999 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright 1996 by Lippincott-Raven Publishers. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at (products and services).

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in China

978-1-9751-2006-1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019910696

This work is provided as is, and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work.

This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments.

Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturers package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work.

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Bola Aladegbami, MD, MBA

Resident in Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Erin G. Andrade, MD, MPH

Resident in Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Michael M. Awad, MD, PhD, FACS

Director, Washington University Institute for Surgical Education (WISE)

Director, WISE Simulation Fellowship

Director, Integrated Surgical Disciplines Clerkship

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Lauren M. Barron, MD

Resident in Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Jeffrey A. Blatnik, MD

Assistant Professor of Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis

St. Louis, Missouri

Grant V. Bochicchio, MD, MPH, FAS

Harry Edison Professor of Surgery

Department of Surgery

Washington University in St. Louis

St. Louis, Missouri

David G. Brauer, MD, MPHS

Resident in Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

L. Michael Brunt, MD

Professor of Surgery and Section Chief of Minimally Invasive Surgery

Department of Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Sara A. Buckman, MD, PharmD

Assistant Professor of Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Katharine Caldwell, MD

Resident in Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

William C. Chapman, MD

Professor and Chief, Section of Transplant Surgery

Department of Surgery

Washington University Medical Center

St. Louis, Missouri

William C. Chapman, Jr, MD, MPHS

Resident in Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Ina Chen, MD

Resident in Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Graham A. Colditz, MD, DrPH

Professor and Chief, Division of Public Health Sciences

Department of Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Jason R. Cook, MD, PhD

Resident in Vascular Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Cathleen M. Courtney, MD

Resident in Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Darren R. Cullinan, MD, MSCI

Resident in Surgery

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri