Helene Thibault - Transforming Tajikistan: State-Building and Islam in Post-Soviet Central Asia

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Hlne Thibault obtained her PhD in political science from the University of Ottawa. She joined Nazarbayev University in 2016 as an assistant professor in the department of Political Science and International Relations. Prior to this, she was a postdoctoral researcher at the Chair for the Study of Religious Pluralism and the Center for International Studies at the Universit de Montral. Her current projects look at changing matrimonial arrangements in Central Asia, especially polygyny in Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. She also took part in multiple election observation missions with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Ukraine and has travelled extensively in the former USSR.

This is a very interesting book which combines insights from political science and ethnography in an analysis which focuses on how Soviet policies toward, and discourses on, religion continues to inform how religion in particular Islam and its place in society is understood in Tajikistan today. It is well written and testifies to the author's broad and profound knowledge of the history of the country as well as the everyday lives of people from various walks of life there.

Maria E. Louw, Aarhus University

Published in 2018 by
I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd
London New York
www.ibtauris.com

Copyright 2018 Hlne Thibault

The right of Hlne Thibault to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Every attempt has been made to gain permission for the use of the images in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in future editions.

References to websites were correct at the time of writing.

International Library of Central Asian Studies 12

ISBN: 978 1 78453 921 4

eISBN: 978 1 78672 312 3

ePDF: 978 1 78673 312 2

A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available

To my family

CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figures

Map of Tajikistan. Credit: United Nations.

9th Congress of the Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, November 2011. The banner says: Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan condemns all kind of secular and religious extremism. Credit: Hlne Thibault.

IRPT's office in Khujand in 2011. The building was destroyed in 2014. Credit: Hlne Thibault.

2011 view from the Panjshanbe bazaar in Khujand of the Sheikh Maslikhatdin mosque, mausoleum and the medresse project that was never completed. Credit: Hlne Thibault.

Woman in paranja, Samarkand, 1910. Credit: Sergei M. Prokudin-Gorskii Collection at the Library of Congress.

Khujand, 2011. Girls and women in traditional clothes. Credit: Hlne Thibault.

Tables

Freedom of expression in Central Asia

List of banned organizations

Gallup Survey 2013, Breakup of the Soviet Union more harmful than good

GLOSSARY

CARC	Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults 194465
Council of Ulemas CRA	The official clergy of Tajikistan Committee for Religious Affairs In Soviet times: 196591 Independent Tajiksitan: 1991today
GBAO	A province of south-eastern Tajikistan where Pamiris live, an ethno-linguistic minority. Mostly referred to by its Russian acronym Gorno-Badakhshan Avtonomnaya Oblast. Tajik: Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshan
Hanafism	The oldest of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence, mainly found, though not exclusively, in Turkey and Central Asia
Hujum	Literally, the assault. Soviet campaign for the unveiling of women that started in 1927
Imam	Prayer-leader in the mosque. In Tajikistan, it is often used interchangeably with the designation mullah
Imam-khatib	Prayer-leader who delivers Friday sermons
IMU	Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
IRPT	Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan
Ishan	Comes from Persian they as a form of respect Arabic: shayk or pir
Jamoat	District. Russian: Raion
Kishlok	A rural settlement, a village
Maktab	Arabo-Persian word that designates a school, mostly used for elementary schools
Maschidi Jomhe	Friday mosque, mosque. Russian: Sobornaya
Maschidi Panjvakhta	Literally, five-fold mosque. Russian: Pyatikratnaya
Mazars	Any place with mystical properties, often burial places, which believers visit to honour a deceased holy person, pray, or make wishes
Mazhab	A school of jurisprudence in Islam
Medresse	An advanced religious school
Muezzin	The person who recites the call to prayer, generally from the minaret
Mufti	A Muslim scholar who interprets Sharia In Soviet Central Asia, it designated the Head of the SADUM. In today's Tajikistan, the Head of the Islamic Center and the Council of Ulemas is also called a mufti. Often used interchangeably with Qazi
Muhtasibs	A person who is charged to oversee religious behaviour. In Tsarist Russia, it was an official function
Mullah	Muslim religious figure, or scholar of Islamic law. In Tajikistan, it is often used interchangeably with the designation imam
Nikoh	Exchange of vows before God, between a groom and a bride
Paranja	A burqa-like robe that covers the whole body, including the face, worn by women in some Central Asian societies prior to the Revolution
PDPT	Popular Democratic Party of Tajikistan (the ruling party)
Qazi	Originally, a judge in an Islamic court In Soviet Central Asia, it designatedRepublican representatives of the SADUM In today's Tajikistan, the Qazi is the Head of the Council of Ulemas. Often used interchangeably with mufti
Qaziat	In Soviet times, the Tajik Republican Branch of the SADUM
Ramadan or Ramazon (Tajik) SADUM	The annual fast to which all Muslims must comply. One of the five pillars of Islam Sredne Aziatskoe Dukhovnoe Upravlenie Musulman/Spiritual Muslim Board of Central Asia; Soviet Institution for the regulation of religion
Sharia	Islamic religious law that governs religious rituals and aspects of day-to-day life in Islam
Sovnarkom (SNK)	Council of People's Commissars. Russian: narodnyx kommissarov
Ulema United Tajik Opposition (UTO) Viloyat Wahhabi	Muslim theologian Alliance of democratic, nationalist and Islamist forces during the civil war Region or province in Tajik. Russian: Oblast' Soviets used this term to designate all islamist activists in the Ferghana valley and Tajikistan who opposed the official clergy. Today, most people use this term interchangeably with others to designate religious fanatics

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