Arturo Conde Enríquez - Overcurrent Relay Advances for Modern Electricity Networks

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This book discusses the application and the improved performance of overcurrent relays to highly dynamic power systems. Advanced solutions such as new adaptive relay designs and new coordination methods are used to solve application problems in electrical networks. This book presents the functional alternatives that allow the relay to be viewed as an active element of the electrical network, modifying the functional structure by incorporating dynamic adjustments according to the quasidynamic state of electrical networks and presenting the formulation of a new relay coordination method.

The operating structure of electrical networks has been modified in recent decades with the interconnection of highly intermittent generation. The application of protection systems presents a challenge for the detection of faults and security, avoiding false operation. Current-based protection is the most widely used in electrical systems, offering phase and ground protection in all voltage networks. Due to its functional simplicity, it is the most affected by highly dynamic operating conditions. The functional improvement of these relays is urgent and highly impactful, incorporating the information available from other locations of the relay to tune in to the current operating conditions of the electrical network.

Current protection systems are functionally passive, with predefined settings that are not adjusted to the dynamic conditions of the electrical network. The use of communication channels has been very favorable to help improve protection performance, either speeding up its operation or avoiding false triggers. Nevertheless, the use of standardized time curves and fixed settings does not always represent the best solution for the diversity of coordination problems of the electrical networks.

The active relay presented in this proposal is conceived as an element that is subject to adaptive adjustment according to the dynamic operating conditions of the electrical network and with optimization strategies for coordination. The implementation of proposed systems for setting and online coordination is aimed at improving the relay operation. Also, the use of nonstandardized time curves offers a wide range of applications that allow to improve coordination. Through it, it is possible to obtain a new coordination method, where the setting of each overcurrent relay is stand-alone, improving operation times and reducing coordination violations.

Because the protection zone of the overcurrent relay is highly dynamic under highly intermittent conditions, there may be protection zones without adequate sensitivity. This has repercussions in undetected faults and in operating times, which, in many cases, impact on the quality of voltage in the electrical networks, triggering a low-voltage load and increasing the operational technical losses of the electrical network. Adaptable schemes that seek protection retuning will manage to monitor and guarantee more sensitive protection zones, reducing fault release times for a better quality of supply. The requirements for the conformation of these monitoring systems of protection zones and the dynamic adjustment of relays are presented.

Finally, the laboratory platform necessary for the functional evaluation of an overcurrent relay is presented. Expensive laboratory and simulation equipment requirements are avoided. It is possible by means of modest equipment to carry out the operational validation of overcurrent relays subject to various operating conditions.

Arturo Conde Enrquez

A(I) dynamic nonlinear function

A, p, B time curve constants

ACO ant colony optimization

AS adjustable setting

BESS battery storage systems

CC conventional time curves

CIGRs converter interfaced generation resources

CT current transformer

CTI coordination time interval

Cx chromosome

DE differential algorithms

DER distributed energy resources

DG distributed generation

DOCR directional overcurrent relay

GA genetic algorithms

Gk accumulated value of the integrator

GWO gray wolf optimization

H(Ik) relay functions to represent the dynamic disk displacement

HIF high impedance fault

IpickupAdp adaptive load current

Iload load current

Ipickup pickup current of relay

Ipickup_max maximum load current

Iprimary multiple of current

Ireset reset current

Isc short circuit current

IWO invasive weed optimization

J(Ik) relay functions to represent the tap position

kop operation sample

MG microgrid

MOGWO multiobjective gray wolf optimizer

NCC nonconventional time curves

OCR overcurrent relay

OF objective function

PS population size

PSM plug setting multiplier