Malcolm Holland - Practical Guide to Diagnosing Structural Movementin Buildings

Note: Page numbers followed by f refers to figures.

• air bricks, f
• alterations
  • lateral stability resulting from,
  • settlement after construction, 220
  • window replacement,
  • see also

• alternative flue block connections, f
• angle of movement,
• arches
  • lateral stability and,
  • load path around lintels and, f
  • thrust and flattening, f

• arch flattening, 122
• arrows of tension,
• Artisan housing,

• bay windows,
• beams
  • absence over openings in cavity walls, 97
    • key features,
  • and block floor construction, f
  • bressummer,
  • concrete, 176
  • corrosion, f
  • deflection, 69
    • key features,
  • expansion cracking and,
  • horizontal timber,
  • iron/steel, f
  • magnitude,
  • materials,
  • overloaded, 90
  • preventing roof spread, 258
  • splitting,
  • steel,
  • vertical deflection, 90
  • see also

• bedrock,
• beetles,
• block floors, 176
• bonding timbers, 140
  • key features of decay,

• bowing, 140
  • gable walls, 52f
  • see also

• bressummer beams,
• brick arch transfers,
• brick jambs/piers, f
• brickwork,
  • air bricks, f
  • bond types, 49
  • buckling and bowing of,
  • bulging of walls, f
  • calcium silicate, 167
  • cavity wall tie corrosion and, 49
  • joint reinforcement, f
  • quality,
  • re-pointing, 246
    • epoxy mortar,
  • shrinkage, 167
    • key features,
  • stitching in,
  • see also

• Building Regulations,
  • foundation depth,

• bulging
  • decay of bonding timbers, 140
    • key features,
  • solid brick walls, 143
    • key features,
  • stone walls,

• bungalows,
• buttresses,

• calcium silicate bricks, shrinkage, 167
• carpenters roofs,
• cast concrete bays,
• cavity trays,
• cavity walls
  • absence of lintels, 97
  • identification,
  • insulation,
    • corrosion and,
    • sulphate attack,
  • load path,
  • roof spreading and, 66
  • tie corrosion, 52
    • key features,
  • ties,
  • width,

• cement,
  • see also

• cement-rich mortar,
• check calculation,
• chimney breast line, f
• chimney breast section,
• chimney flues,
  • render sulphate attack and,

• chimneys and party walls, 224
• clay brickwork,
• clay shrinkage,
• clay soils
  • foundation settlement,
  • heave, 203
    • key features,
  • seasonal expansion, 205
  • shrinkage, 200
    • key features,
    • movement due to,
    • repair,
    • trees and,
  • water absorption,

• coefficient of expansion,
• compaction, 152
• comparative movement,
• concentrated loads (foundations), 212
  • key features,

• concrete
  • beam, 176
  • blocks,
    • shrinkage, 164
      • magnitude,

• flat roofs, f
• floor slabs,
• raft, f

• contra rotational movement, f
• contrary movement,
• corrosion
  • accelerating factors,
  • cavity walls, 52
    • insulation and,
    • key features,
  • cavity wall ties, 52f
  • insulation,
  • iron air bricks, f
  • iron lintels, f

• counter rotational movement, graph paper exercise of, f
• cracking
  • associated with raft foundations, 239
  • causes
    • absence of lintels, 87
    • arch flattening, f
    • calcium silicate brick shrinkage,
    • clay heave,
    • clay shrinkage, f
    • subsidence, f
    • water leakage,

• cavity wall tie corrosion, 49
• concrete block shrinkage, f
• differential movement, 107
• direction, vertical,
• at external door threshold, f
• floor, 176
• horizontal component of,
• lintel deflection, f
• load path and, 137
  • key features,

• crack patterns,
  • and cracks,

• cramps,
• creep,
• cyclical movements,

• damp,
  • coursing,

• decay, bonding timbers, 140
  • key features,

• defect location, below ground, 192
• deflection
  • floor joists,
  • lintel, f
  • roof purlin,

• degree of movement,
• diagonal BD stretched, f
• diagonal cracking,
• diagonal force,
• diagonals of equal length,
• differential foundation settlement cracking, 224
• differential movement,
  • foundations, 217
    • concentrated loads (foundations), 212
    • keyt features,
    • uneven loads (foundations), 210
  • non-foundation related, 107

• direction
  • horizontal,
  • random,

• door frames,
  • overloading of floor joists and, 100
  • vibration, f
  • see also

• double glazing,
• downward movement,
• drains and drainage, 199
  • damage and leakage near buildings, 227
    • key features,
  • drain trenches and, 230
    • key features,
  • repair work,

• eccentric loads (foundations), f
  • key features,

• elevation, shortening of, f
• end wall collision, f
• epoxy mortar,
• excavation,
• expanding foam underpinning,
• expansion cracking, f
  • cement-rich mortar,
  • examples, 43f
  • insulation and,
  • key features,
  • lintels and, f
  • non-insulated cavity,
  • pattern,
  • related to concrete roof, f
  • in stepped elevation, f

• expansion force,
• expansion joints in floors,
• extensions
  • buttressing effect,
  • cavity wall on solid wall building, 49
  • clay heave resulting,
  • foundations,
  • settlement, 220

• external door thresholds,

• factory buildings,
• false chimneys, 85
• fixings, vibration, 59
• flat roof decks, f
• floors
  • concrete slabs,
  • concrete sulphate attack,
  • cracking, 176
  • ground-bearing
    • construction,
    • repair,
  • joists,
  • lateral stability and,
  • overloaded, 101
    • key features,
  • plan,
  • slab settlement, 152
  • subsidence,

• flue blocks, heat expansion of, 171
• foundations,
  • chemical attack construction,
  • cracking associated with raft, 239
  • design,
    • for load, 188
    • for stability, 190
  • differential movement, )
  • dimensions,