Martin F. Price (Editor) - Mountain Geography Physical and Human Dimensions

MOUNTAIN GEOGRAPHY

Mountain Geography

PHYSICAL AND HUMAN DIMENSIONS

Edited by

MARTIN F. PRICE

ALTON C. BYERS

DONALD A. FRIEND

THOMAS KOHLER

LARRY W. PRICE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

Berkeley Los Angeles London

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University of California Press

Berkeley and Los Angeles, California

University of California Press, Ltd.

London, England

2013 by The Regents of the University of California

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mountain Geography

Mountain geography : physical and human dimensions / edited by Martin F. Price, Alton C. Byers, Donald A. Friend, Thomas Kohler, Larry W. Price.

pagescm

Revision of: Mountains and man

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 9780-520-25431-2 (cloth : alk. paper)

eISBN 9780520956971

1. Mountains2. Mountain people.3. Human geography.4. Geomorphology.I. Price, Martin F.II. Title.

GB501.2.M6842013

910.02143dc232013002583

22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.481992 (R 2002) ( Permanence of Paper ).

CONTENTS

JACK D. IVES

ALTON C. BYERS

ALTON C. BYERS, LARRY W. PRICE, AND MARTIN F. PRICE

JOHN F. SHRODER JR. AND LARRY W. PRICE

ANDREW J. BACH AND LARRY W. PRICE

LELAND R. DEXTER, KARL W. BIRKELAND, AND LARRY W. PRICE

JASON R. JANKE AND LARRY W. PRICE

LARRY W. PRICE AND CAROL P. HARDEN

KEITH S. HADLEY, LARRY W. PRICE, AND GEORG GRABHERR

LARRY W. PRICE AND VALERIUS GEIST

EDWIN BERNBAUM AND LARRY W. PRICE

JAMES S. GARDNER, ROBERT E. RHOADES, AND CHRISTOPH STADEL

STEPHEN F. CUNHA AND LARRY W. PRICE

MARTIN F. PRICE AND THOMAS KOHLER

CONTRIBUTORS

ANDREW BACH is Associate Professor of Environmental Geography in Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University. His major research areas include geomorphology and soils, natural resources management, and climate change in the western United States. His research focuses on soil development, paleoecology, vegetation dynamics and fire history, the potential impacts of the removal of dams in the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, and glaciers as a water resource in the North Cascades.

EDWIN BERNBAUM is an author, mountaineer, and scholar of comparative religion and mythology who focuses on the relationship between culture and the environment. His book Sacred Mountains of the World won the Commonwealth Club of Californias gold medal for best nonfiction work and an Italian award for literature of mountaineering, exploration, and the environment. As Director of the Sacred Mountains Program at The Mountain Institute, where he is a Senior Fellow, he initiated and implemented projects to develop interpretive materials with U.S. National Parks such as Mount Rainier, the Great Smoky Mountains, and Hawaii volcanoes, based on the cultural and spiritual significance of different features of mountain environments in America and other cultures around the world.

KARL BIRKELAND is the Director and Avalanche Scientist for the U.S. Forest Service National Avalanche Center. In addition to conducting extensive research on avalanches, he works to transfer new and emerging technologies to field practitioners within the avalanche community. He is also Adjunct Professor of Earth Sciences at Montana State University, where he supervises a number of graduate students. His professional work with avalanches as a ski patroller, educator, backcountry forecaster, and researcher spans over 30 years. He founded the Gallatin National Forest Avalanche Center in Bozeman, Montana.

ALTON C. BYERS, Director of Science and Exploration at The Mountain Institute (TMI), is a mountain geographer and climber specializing in applied research, high-altitude conservation and restoration programs, climate change impacts in mountains, and highland-lowland interactive system approaches to conservation. He has worked with TMI since 1990 in Nepal, Peru, and the Appalachians. He is a National Geographic Society Explorer and grantee and recipient of the following: The Nature Conservancys Annual Award for Outstanding Ecological Stewardship; the Association of American Geographers Distinguished Career Award; the American Alpine Clubs David Brower Conservation Award; and the Sir Edmund Hillary Mountain Legacy Medal for remarkable service in the conservation of culture and nature in mountainous regions.

STEPHEN F. CUNHA is Chair and Professor of Geography at Humboldt State University. He writes on mountain issues in Central Asia, Alaska, and the Sierra Nevada. His teaching and research focus on environmental geography and mountain environments, particularly in Central Asia, Alaska, and Californias Sierra Nevada. In 2007, he was named the California State University Systems Outstanding Professor in the Social and Behavioral Sciences and Public Service.

LELAND R. DEXTER is an Emeritus Professor of Geography at Northern Arizona University. During his career there, he taught classes in mountain geography, snow and ice, physical geography, geomorphology, climatology, and geographic information systems. He conducted many winter mountain field camps in Colorados San Juan Mountains with Melvin Marcus and Donald Friend. His research interests include snow and ice processes in high mountain environments, sandbar morphology and evolution in the Grand Canyon, microclimate energy balance studies, and GIS analysis of various environmental issues.

DONALD A. FRIEND is Professor and Chair of the Department of Geography at Minnesota State University. He is the U.S. Representative to the International Geographical Union Commission on Mountain Response to Global Change, and is past Chair and Founder of the Mountain Geography Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers. From 2007 to 2010 he served as Associate Editor in Chief of the Journal of Mountain Science, published by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and he sits on the advisory board of the Mountain Studies Institute. His research and teaching interests focus on physical geography, especially earth surface and atmospheric processes, their interaction, and human impacts in mountains.

JAMES S. GARDNER is Professor Emeritus, Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, and Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Canada. Formerly Provost and Professor at the University of Manitoba (19912001) and Professor and Dean of Graduate Studies at the University of Waterloo (19871991), he has pursued research and teaching in geomorphology, hydrology, glaciology, and resources and hazards management, with field studies in mountain environments in Canada, Europe, India, Pakistan, and China. He has published widely on alpine geomorphology and resources and hazards. Now retired, he continues to write, teach occasionally, and assist in supervision of graduate students at the Universities of Manitoba and Victoria.

VALERIUS GEIST is Professor Emeritus of Environmental Science in the Faculty of Environmental Design, the University of Calgary, Canada. He was a founding member and the first program director for Environmental Science in that graduate faculty. His interest in interdisciplinary scholarship resulted in 17 technical or popular books, some award-winning, the most important being Life Strategies, Human Evolution, Environmental Design: Towards a Biological Theory of Health (1978) and Deer of the World (1998). He has been very active in wildlife conservation.