Mladen Bozanic - Millimeter-Wave Low Noise Amplifiers

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Springer International Publishing AG 2018

Mladen Boani and Saurabh Sinha Millimeter-Wave Low Noise Amplifiers Signals and Communication Technology

1. Introduction and Research Impact

Mladen Boani 1

(1)

University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

(2)

University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

Mladen Boani (Corresponding author)

Email:

Saurabh Sinha

Email:

Abstract

The opening chapter of this book seeks a research gap in the context of LNAs for millimeter-wave applications. It is organized as follows: LNA as a part of the millimeter-wave transceiver system are introduced. Following this introduction, some fundamental LNA concepts are presented, which aim to assist in defining a research gap relating to this topic. This serves as an aid in formulating research questions that are to be answered throughout the book. The chapter is concluded with the section on the organization of the book. As this chapter is merely an introduction, many concepts mentioned here will become more clear only later in the book.

Current trends towards increased wireless connectivity and the need to stay connected everywhere and at all times call for extremely high data rates. In the world of today, most wireless networks operate in frequency bands measured in low gigahertz (GHz). Typically, this is done through channels with moderate bandwidth. To keep up with the trends of increased data transmission rates, new and innovative ideas are needed. Part of research efforts is directed at increasing the bandwidth of the channels that are used for wireless communication. One of the areas of investigation is transmission in the millimeter-wave regime, ranging from 30 to 300 GHz, where there is an abundance of bandwidth [].

Transmission in the millimeter-wave part of the spectrum comes with much greater challenges than for example in the radio-frequency (RF) or microwave part of the spectrum. This is a topic that could be explored in a series of books, but receiving the transmitted signal poses a whole other set of challenges. Furthermore, the low-noise amplifier (LNA) is the first component that appears in the front ends of most microwave and millimeter-wave receivers [], and the signal reaching the receiver is often very weak.

Fig. 1.1

Conceptual analysis of LNA and its signals in time and frequency domains with gain (wanted) and noise (unwanted) components

Fig. 1.2

The Iron Triangle of wireless data communications

Drastic improvements in transistor technology in the last few decades have shifted the focus away from traveling wave tubes and klystron amplifiers, and the vast majority of high-frequency amplifiers rely on solid-state devices to provide amplification []. Most attempts to realize these transceiver systems are in integrated circuits (ICs), which offer the benefits of reduced size and lower cost.

The opening chapter of this book seeks a research gap in the context of LNAs for millimeter-wave applications. The chapter is organized as follows: First, the LNA as a part of the millimeter-wave transceiver system is introduced. Following this introduction, some fundamental LNA concepts are presented, which aim to assist in defining a research gap relating to this topic. This serves as an aid in formulating research questions that are to be answered throughout the book. This chapter is concluded with the section on the organization of the book.

As this chapter is merely an introduction, many concepts mentioned here will only become more clear in Part I of this book, with Part II focusing on the research outputs.

1.1 Low-Noise Amplifier Research Contextualization: A Transmitter and Receiver System

A typical communication system consists of at least one transmitter and one receiver [. The transceiver architecture for millimeter-wave applications does not differ greatly from typical RF and microwave transceivers.

Fig. 1.3

An LNA as part of a simple telecommunication system []

1.1.1 Transmitter

A typical transmitter consists of circuitry for baseband processing, digital-to-analog conversion, fileting, amplification, carrier generation, modulation and power amplification, as shown in the top part of Fig. ).

Fig. 1.4

Architecture of a zero-IF direct conversion transmitter

In a zero-IF direct conversion transmitter, suitable for binary phase shift keying (BPSK) or quadrature-phase shift keying (QPSK), a baseband processor creates the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) parts of the signal that are separately converted into analog signals, that are further filtered and amplified, before being modulated onto carriers. Two carriers, 90 out of phase, are needed. The signals are then combined and amplified, through a block referred to as the power amplifier. The last part of any transmitter is the transmitting antenna, the physical device designed to transfer the electrical signals into the air.

The power amplifier, a narrowband component with the aim to deliver the maximum amount of power to the antenna, is possibly the most challenging block to design in any transmitter, even for the frequencies below millimeter-wave. This is because of the need for simultaneous delivery of high power, high efficiency and factors such as high gain and linearity. To address these issues, many power amplifier configurations have been proposed, with a considerable amount of research efforts still continuing. Configurations include continuous mode amplifiers (Classes A, B, AB, C and J) to switch-mode configurations (Classes E, F, EF, E1, F1). The authors have already discussed power amplifiers on several occasions, most recently in [].

In addition to the design of the power amplifier, the design of the local oscillator (LO) and the modulator (mixer) is also difficult to accomplish in the millimeter-wave range owing to the increased frequency of operation [.

1.1.2 The Receiver and the Role of a Low-Noise Amplifier

In the receiver, the signal is processed in the reverse order to that of the transmitter, that is, the signal received from the antenna is first amplified (using an LNA), then demodulated before baseband processing is applied. Figure ].

Fig. 1.5

Quadrature receiver architecture

Two architectures that are encountered most often in millimeter-wave receivers are direct-conversion [].

On the other hand, superheterodyne receivers have been highly popular at microwave frequencies, and have also been extensively employed in millimeter-wave receivers. A modification of this architecture that is often found in millimeter-wave systems is the so-called sliding-IF receiver [. The receiver can often be configured as a transmitter as well, thus the transmit path is also shown.

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