Ton J. Cleophas - Statistical Analysis of Clinical Data on a Pocket Calculator

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Ton J. Cleophas and Aeilko H. Zwinderman Statistical Analysis of Clinical Data on a Pocket Calculator Statistics on a Pocket Calculator 10.1007/978-94-007-1211-9_1 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011

1. Introduction

Ton J. Cleophas 1, 2

(1)

Department of Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

(2)

European College of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Lyon, France

(3)

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Ton J. Cleophas (Corresponding author)

Email:

Aeilko H. Zwinderman

Email:

Abstract

This book contains all statistical tests that are relevant to starting clinical investigators. It begins with standard deviations and t-tests, the basic tests for the analysis of continuous data. Next, non-parametric tests are reviewed. They are, particularly, important to investigators whose affection towards medical statistics is little, because they are universally applicable, i.e., irrespective of the spread of the data. Then, confidence intervals and equivalence testing as methods based on confidence intervals are explained.

This book contains all statistical tests that are relevant to starting clinical investigators. It begins with standard deviations and t-tests, the basic tests for the analysis of continuous data. Next, non-parametric tests are reviewed. They are, particularly, important to investigators whose affection towards medical statistics is little, because they are universally applicable, i.e., irrespective of the spread of the data. Then, confidence intervals and equivalence testing as methods based on confidence intervals are explained.

In the next chapters power-equations that estimate the statistical power of data samples are reviewed. Methods for calculating the required sample size for a meaningful study, are the next subject. Non-inferiority testing including comparisons against historical data and sample size assessments are, subsequently, explained. The methods for assessing binary data include: z-tests, chi-square for cross-tabs, log likelihood ratio tests and odds ratio tests. Mc Nemars tests for the assessment of paired binary data is the subject of . Then, the Bonferroni test for adjustment of multiple testing is reviewed, as well as chi-square en F-tests for variability analysis of respectively one and two groups of patients.

In the final chapters the assessment of possible confounding and possible interaction is assessed. Also reliability assessments for continuous and binary data are reviewed.

Each test method is reported together with (1) a data example from practice, (2) all steps to be taken using a scientific pocket calculator, and (3) the main results and their interpretation. All of the methods described are fast, and can be correctly carried out on a scientific pocket calculator, such as the Casio fx-825, the Texas TI-30, the Sigma AK222, the Commodoor and many other makes. Although several of the described methods can also be carried out with the help of statistical software, the latter procedure will be considerably slower.

In order to obtain a better overview of the different test methods each chapter will start on an uneven page. The pocket calculator book will be applied as a major help to the workshops Designing and performing clinical research organized by the teaching department of Albert Schweitzer STZ (collaborative top clinical) Hospital Dordrecht, and the statistics modules at the European College of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Claude Bernard University, Lyon, and Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam.

The authors of this book are aware that it consists of a minimum of text and do hope that this will enhance the process of mastering the methods. Yet we recommend that for a better understanding of the test procedures the book be used together with the same authors textbook Statistics Applied to Clinical Trials 4th edition edited 2009, by Springer Dordrecht Netherlands. More complex data files like data files with multiple treatment modalities or multiple predictor variables can not be analyzed with a pocket calculator. We recommend that the in 2010 by the same editor published book SPSS for Starters (Springer, Dordrecht, 2010) from the same authors be used as a complementary help for the readers benefit.

The human brain excels in making hypotheses, but hypotheses have to be tested with hard data.

Ton J. Cleophas and Aeilko H. Zwinderman Statistical Analysis of Clinical Data on a Pocket Calculator Statistics on a Pocket Calculator 10.1007/978-94-007-1211-9_2 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011

2. Standard Deviations

Ton J. Cleophas 1, 2

(1)

Department of Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

(2)

European College of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Lyon, France

(3)

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Ton J. Cleophas (Corresponding author)

Email:

Aeilko H. Zwinderman

Email:

Abstract

Standard deviations (SDs) are often being used for summarizing the spread of the data from a sample. If the spread in the data is small, then the same will be true for the standard deviation. Underneath the calculation is illustrated with the help of a data example.

Standard deviations (SDs) are often being used for summarizing the spread of the data from a sample. If the spread in the data is small, then the same will be true for the standard deviation. Underneath the calculation is illustrated with the help of a data example.

52+
Mean	=>	/8 = 53.375
SD=
	(5553.375)2
	(5453.375)2
	(5153.375)2
	(5553.375)2
	(5353.375)2
	(5353.375)2
	(5453.375)2
	(5253.375) 2+
SD=	=>./ n1=> .=> 1.407885953

Each scientific pocket calculator has a modus for data-analysis. It is helpful to calculate in a few minutes the mean and standard deviation of a sample.

Calculate standard deviation: mean = 53.375 SD = 1.407885953

The next steps are required:

Casio fx-825 scientific

On mode shift AC 55 M+ 54 M+ 51 M+ 55 M+ 53 M+ 53 M+ 54 M+ 52 M+ shift [x] shift xn1

Texas TI-30 scientific

On 55 + 54 + 51 + 55 + 53 + 53 + 54 + 52 + 2nd x 2nd xn1

Sigma AK 222 and Commodoor

On 2ndf on 55 M+ 54 M+ 51 M+ 55 M+ 53 M+ 53 M+ 54 M+ 52 M+ x=>M MR

Calculator: Electronic Calculator

On mode 2 55 M+ 54 M+ 51 M+ 55 M+ 53 M+ 53 ... M+ 54 M+ 52 M+ Shift S-var 1 = (mean) Shift S-var 3 (sd)

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